Evaluation Of Sex Education School On Teen Pregnancy...

Research Proposal Evaluation of Sex Education in School on Teen Pregnancy Prevention Megan R. Fitzgerald PSY 290 – Research Methods Gayle Schwark, Ph.D. Arizona State University November 27, 2014 Abstract This study is proposed in order to evaluate the various types of school-based sex education programs and the effect that these specific programs have on teen pregnancy rates. The type of approaches for school-based sex education programs offered to the teenage participants will be peer led, specifically abstinence-based, and adult led. The control group is going to be studied without being offered any of the school based sex education programs. To conduct the study the most effective way possible, a cross-sectional study†¦show more content†¦Once the results of the data have been identified and determined, then the research can conclude the impact of each program and the significance it has on teen pregnancy. Evaluation of Sex Education in School on Teen Pregnancy Prevention: How Sex Education Effects Teen Pregnancy Rates Teen pregnancy prevention is an increasingly controversial and a potentially inconvenient topic of discussion for both teens and their parents alike (Sabia, 2006). As teen pregnancy rates have increased, there has been an increased focus on combatting the underlying causes and reversing their effects (Bennett Assefi, 2005). Teen pregnancy can result in an increased number of children placed in adoptive services, as well as, cause a strain on teenage parents who chose to take on the responsibilities of parenthood at an early age. By researching the effects of various school-based sex education programs on teen birth rates; it would be possible to establish a standardized sex education curriculum to minimize the number of children put into the adoption system and the number of teenagers whose lives are affected by pregnancy (Somers, Johnson, Sawilowsky, 2002). Based on information found in the supportive research for this study, there wa s a positive impact on lowering teen pregnancy rates when peer-instructed sex education programs were introduced into the academic curriculum, though it did also

Theologians Sallie Mc Fague And Thomas Torrance

THEOLOGIANS – SALLIE MC FAGUE AND THOMAS TORRANCE This paper seeks to compare two theologians, one male, one female, one Trinitarian and one mythological, Thomas F. Torrance and Sallie McFague. At the heart of all of Torrance’s theology is the truth of the Trinity. It is foundational to all of his work. For him, the ultimate purpose of theology is knowing God in a personal way that involves both head and heart. He felt we must be faithful to Scripture’s logic. (Torrance, 2008). Torrance was also interested in the interface between theology and science. He considered his method â€Å"depth exegesis, and† attempted to avoid dualism, believing that method was always responsive to content. He organized his approach around three unique features of Scripture: first, that its theological content is only understood within a framework which derives from the biblical text; second, that God speaks through the written document; and finally, that the Bible blends histo rical and abstract information. His was a three-leveled system: (1) corporate experience in receiving the revelation of the God’s reality as recorded in the Bible; (2) what he called the theological level, voicing an understanding of what God is doing; and (3) the higher theological level, experiencing God. According to him, to hear God speak people need to listen to Scripture. While seeking deeper meaning, Christians must also consider literary and historical features. When interpreting, he wanted people to see God in the

Welding and Fillet Welds free essay sample

Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar 3. 3 Welding and welded connections Welding is the process of joining two pieces of metal by creating a strong metallurgical bond between them by heating or pressure or both. It is distinguished from other forms of mechanical connections, such as riveting or bolting, which are formed by friction or mechanical interlocking. It is one of the oldest and reliable methods of joining. Welding offers many advantages over bolting and riveting. Welding enables direct transfer of stress between members eliminating gusset and splice plates necessary for bolted structures. Hence, the weight of the joint is minimum. In the case of tension members, the absence of holes improves the efficiency of the section. It involves less fabrication cost compared to other methods due to handling of fewer parts and elimination of operations like drilling, punching etc. and consequently less labour leading to economy. Welding offers air tight and water tight joining and hence is ideal for oil storage tanks, ships etc. Welded structures also have a neat appearance and enable the connection of complicated shapes. Welded structures are more rigid compared to structures with riveted and bolted connections. A truly continuous structure is formed by the process of fusing the members together. Generally welded joints are as strong or stronger than the base metal, thereby placing no restriction on the joints. Stress concentration effect is also considerably less in a welded connection. Some of the disadvantages of welding are that it requires skilled manpower for welding as well as inspection. Also, non-destructive evaluation may have to be carried out to detect defects in welds. Welding in the field may be difficult due to the location or environment. Welded joints are highly prone to cracking under fatigue loading. Large residual stresses and distortion are developed in welded connections. 3. 3. 1 Fundamentals of welding A welded joint is obtained when two clean surfaces are brought into contact with each other and either pressure or heat, or both are applied to obtain a bond. The tendency of atoms to bond is the fundamental basis of welding. The inter-diffusion Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar between the materials that are joined is the underlying principle in all welding processes. The diffusion may take place in the liquid, solid or mixed state. In welding the metallic materials are joined by the formation of metallic bonds and a perfect connection is formed. In practice however, it is very difficult to achieve a perfect joint; for, real surfaces are never smooth. When welding, contact is established only at a few points in the surface, joins irregular surfaces where atomic bonding occurs. Therefore the strength attained will be only a fraction of the full strength. Also, the irregular surface may not be very clean, being contaminated with adsorbed moisture, oxide film, grease layer etc. In the welding of such surfaces, the contaminants have to be removed for the bonding of the surface atoms to take place. This can be accomplished by applying either heat or pressure. In practical welding, both heat and pressure are applied to get a good joint. As pointed out earlier, any welding process needs some form of energy, often heat, to connect the two materials. The relative amount of heat and pressure required to join two materials may vary considerably between two extreme cases in which either heat or pressure alone is applied. When heat alone is applied to make the joint, pressure is used merely to keep the joining members together. Examples of such a process are Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) etc. On the other hand pressure alone is used to make the bonding by plastic deformation, examples being cold welding, roll welding, ultrasonic welding etc. There are other welding methods where both pressure and heat are employed, such as resistance welding, friction welding etc. A flame, an arc or resistance to an electric current, produces the required heat. Electric arc is by far the most popular source of heat used in commercial welding practice. 3. 3. 2 Welding process In general, gas and arc welding are employed; but, almost all structural welding is arc welding. Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar In gas welding a mixture of oxygen and some suitable gas is burned at the tip of a torch held in the welder’s hand or by an automatic machine. Acetylene is the gas used in structural welding and the process is called oxyacetylene welding. The flame produced can be used both for cutting and welding of metals. Gas welding is a simple and inexpensive process. But, the process is slow compared to other means of welding. It is generally used for repair and maintenance work. The most common welding processes, especially for structural steel, use electric energy as the heat source produced by the electric arc. IS:816 in this process, the base metal and the welding rod are heated to the fusion temperature by an electric arc. The arc is a continuous spark formed when a large current at a low voltage is discharged between the electrode and the base metal through a thermally ionised gaseous column, called plasma. The resistance of the air or gas between the electrode and the objects being welded changes the electric energy into heat. A temperature of 33000 C to 55000 C is produced in the arc. The welding rod is connected to one terminal of the current source and the object to be welded to the other. In arc welding, fusion takes place by the flow of material from the welding rod across the arc without pressure being applied. The Shielded Metal Arc Welding process is explained in the following paragraph. In Shielded Metal Arc Welding or SMAW (Fig. 3. 12), heating is done by means of electric arc between a coated electrode and the material being joined. In case bare wire electrode (without coating) is employed, the molten metal gets exposed to atmosphere and combines chemically with oxygen and nitrogen forming defective welds. The electrode coating on the welding rod forms a gaseous shield that helps to exclude oxygen and stabilise the arc. The coated electrode also deposits a slag in the molten metal, which because of its lesser density compared to the base metal, floats on the surface of the molten metal pool, shields it from atmosphere, and slows cooling. After cooling, the slag can be easily removed by hammering and wire brushing. Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar The coating on the electrode thus: shields the arc from atmosphere; coats the molten metal pool against oxidation; stabilises the arc; shapes the molten metal by surface tension and provides alloying element to weld metal. Fig. 3. 12 Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process Fig. 3. 12 Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process The type of welding electrode used would decide the weld properties such as strength, ductility and corrosion resistance. The type to be used for a particular job depends upon the type of metal being welded, the amount of material to be added and the position of the work. The two general classes of electrodes are lightly coated and heavily coated. The heavily coated electrodes are normally used in structural welding. The resulting welds are stronger, more corrosion resistant and more ductile compared to welds produced by lightly coated electrodes. Usually the SMAW process is either automatic or semi-automatic. The term weldability is defined as the ability to obtain economic welds, which are good, crack-free and would meet all the requirements. Of great importance are the chemistry and the structure of the base metal and the weld metal. The effects of heating and cooling associated with fusion welding are experienced by the weld metal and the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) of the base metal. The cracks in HAZ are mainly caused by high carbon content, hydrogen enbrittlement and rate of cooling. For most steels, weld cracks become a problem as the thickness of the plates increases. Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar 3. 3. 3 Types of joints and welds By means of welding, it is possible to make continuous, load bearing joints between the members of a structure. A variety of joints is used in structural steel work and they can be classified into four basic configurations namely, Lap joint, Tee joint, Butt joint and Corner joint. For lap joints, the ends of two members are overlapped and for butt joints, the two members are placed end to end. The T- joints form a Tee and in Corner joints, the ends are joined like the letter L. Most common joints are made up of fillet weld or the butt (also calling groove) weld. Plug and slot welds are not generally used in structural steel work. Fig. . 14 Fillet welds are suitable for lap joints and Tee joints and groove welds for butt and corner joints. Butt welds can be of complete penetration or incomplete penetration depending upon whether the penetration is complete through the thickness or partial. Generally a description of welded joints requires an indication of the type of both the joint an d the weld. Though fillet welds are weaker than butt welds, about 80% of the connections are made with fillet welds. The reason for the wider use of fillet welds is that in the case of fillet welds, when members are lapped over each other, large tolerances are allowed in erection. For butt welds, the members to be connected have to fit perfectly when they are lined up for welding. Further butt welding requires the shaping of the surfaces to be joined as shown in Fig. 3. 15. To ensure full penetration and a sound weld, a backup plate is temporarily provided as shown in Fig. 3. 15 Butt welds: Full penetration butt welds are formed when the parts are connected together within the thickness of the parent metal. For thin parts, it is possible to achieve full penetration of the weld. For thicker parts, edge preparation may have to be done to achieve the welding. There are nine different types of butt joints: square, single V, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar double V, single U, double U, single J, double J, single bevel and double bevel. They are shown in Fig. 3. 13 In order to qualify for a full penetration weld; there are certain conditions to be satisfied while making the welds. Welds are also classified according to their position into flat, horizontal, vertical and overhead. Flat welds are the most economical to make while overhead welds are the most difficult and expensive. Fig. 3. 13 Different types of butt welds The main use of butt welds is to connect structural members, which are in the same plane. A few of the many different butt welds are shown in Fig. 3. 16. There are many variations of butt welds and each is classified according to its particular shape. Each type of butt weld requires a specific edge preparation and is named accordingly. The proper selection of a particular type depends upon: Size of the plate to be joined; welding is by hand or automatic; type of welding equipment, whether both sides are accessible and the position of the weld. Butt welds have high strength, high resistance to impact and cyclic stress. They are most direct joints and introduce least eccentricity in the joint. But their major disadvantages are: high residual stresses, necessity of edge preparation and proper aligning of the members in the field. Therefore, field butt joints are rarely used. Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar Fig. 3. 14 Common types of welds Fig. 3. 15 Shaping of surface and backup plate Fig. 3. 6 Typical connections with butt weld To minimise weld distortions and residual stresses, the heat input is minimised and hence the welding volume is minimised. This reduction in the volume of weld also Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar reduces cost. Hence for thicker plates, double Butt welds and U welds are generally used. For a butt weld, the root gap, R, is the sepa ration of the pieces being joined and is provided for the electrode to access the base of a joint. The smaller the root gap the greater the angle of the bevel. The depth by which the arc melts into the plate is called the depth of penetration [Fig. 3. 17 (a)]. Roughly, the penetration is about 1 mm per 100A and in manual welding the current is usually 150 – 200 A. Therefore, the mating edges of the plates must be cut back if through-thickness continuity is to be established. This groove is filled with the molten metal from the electrode. The first run that is deposited in the bottom of a groove is termed as the root run [Fig. 3. 176 (c)]. For good penetration, the root faces must be melted. Simultaneously, the weld pool also must be controlled, preferably, by using a backing strip. Fig. 3. 17 Butt weld details Fillet welds: Owing to their economy, ease of fabrication and adaptability, fillet welds are widely used. They require less precision in the fitting up because the plates being joined can be moved about more than the Butt welds. Another advantage of fillet welds is that special preparation of edges, as required by Butt welds, is not required. In a fillet weld the stress condition in the weld is quite different from that of the connected parts. A typical fillet weld is shown in Fig. 3. 18 Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar Fig. 3. 18 Typical fillet weld The root of the weld is the point where the faces of the metallic members meet. The theoretical throat of a weld is the shortest distance from the root to the hypotenuse of the triangle. The throat area equals the theoretical throat distance times the length of the weld. The concave shape of free surface provides a smoother transition between the connected parts and hence causes less stress concentration than a convex surface. But it is more vulnerable to shrinkage and cracking than the convex surface and has a much reduced throat area to transfer stresses. On the other hand, convex shapes provide extra weld metal or reinforcement for the throat. For statically loaded structures, a slightly convex shape is preferable, while for fatigue – prone structures, concave surface is desirable. Large welds are invariably made up of a number of layers or passes. For reasons of economy, it is desirable to choose weld sizes that can be made in a single pass. Large welds scan be made in a single pass by an automatic machine, though manually, 8 mm fillet is the largest single-pass layer. Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar 3. 3. 4 Weld symbols The information concerning type, size, position, welding process etc. of the welds in welded joints is conveyed by standard symbols in drawings. The symbolic representation includes elementary symbols along with a) supplementary symbol, b) a means of showing dimensions, or c) some complementary indications. IS: 813 â€Å"Scheme of Symbols for Welding† gives all the details of weld representation in drawings. Elementary symbols represent the various categories of the weld and look similar to the shape of the weld to be made. Combination of elementary symbols may also be used, when required. Elementary symbols are shown in Table 3. 2. Table 3. 2 Elementary symbols Illustration (Fig) Symbol Description Butt weld between plates with raised edges*(the raised edges being melted down completely) Square butt weld Single-V butt weld Single-bevel butt weld Single – V butt weld with broad root face Single – bevel butt weld with broad root face Single – U butt weld (parallel or sloping sides) Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar Single – J butt joint Backing run; back or backing weld Fillet weld Plug weld; plug or slot weld Spot weld Seam weld Supplementary symbols characterise the external surface of the weld and they complete the elementary symbols. Supplementary symbols are shown in Table 3. 3. The weld locations are defined by specifying, a) position of the arrow line, b) position of the reference line, and c) the position of the symbol. More details of weld representation may be obtained from IS 813. Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar Table 3. 3. Supplementary symbols Flat (flush) single – V butt weld Convex double – V butt weld Concave fillet weld Flat (flush) single – V butt with flat (flush) backing run Position of symbols in drawings: Apart from the symbols as covered earlier, the methods of representation (Fig. 3. 19) also include the following:  · An arrow line for each joint . A dual reference line, consisting of two parallel lines, one continuous and the other dashed. . A certain number of dimensions and conventional signs The location of welds is classified on the drawings by specifying: Position of the arrow line, position of the reference line and the position of the symbol Fig. 3. 19 Method of representation Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar The position of arrow line with respect to the weld has no special significance. The arrow line joins one end of the continuous reference line such that it forms an angle with it and shall be completed by an arrowhead or a dot. The reference line is a straight line drawn parallel to the bottom edge of the drawing. The symbol is placed either above or beneath the reference line. The symbol is placed on the continuous side of the reference line if the weld is on the other side of the joint; the symbol is placed on the dashed line side 3. 3. 5 Design of welds Design of butt welds: For butt welds the most critical form of loading is tension applied in the transverse direction. It has been observed from tests conducted on tensile coupons containing a full penetration butt weld normal to the applied load that the welded joint had higher strength than the parent metal itself. The yield stress of the weld metal and the parent metal in the HAZ region was found to be much higher than the parent metal. The butt weld is normally designed for direct tension or compression. However, a provision is made to protect it from shear. Design strength value is often taken the same as the parent metal strength. For design purposes, the effective area of the butt-welded connection is taken as the effective length of the weld times the throat size. Effective length of the butt weld is taken as the length of the continuous full size weld. The throat size is specified by the effective throat thickness. For a full penetration butt weld, the throat dimension is usually assumed as the thickness of the thinner part of the connection. Even though a butt weld may be reinforced on both sides to ensure full cross-sectional areas, its effect is neglected while estimating the throat dimensions. Such reinforcements often have a negative effect, producing stress concentration, especially under cyclic loads. Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar Unsealed butt welds of V, U, J and bevel types and incomplete penetration butt welds should not be used for highly stressed joints and joints subjected to dynamic and alternating loads. Intermittent butt welds are used to resist shear only and the effective length should not be less than four times the longitudinal space between the effective length of welds nor more han 16 times the thinner part. They are not to be used in locations subjected to dynamic or alternating stresses. Some modern codes do not allow intermittent welds in bridge structures. For butt welding parts with unequal cross sections, say unequal width, or thickness, the dimensions of the wider or thicker part should be reduced at the butt joint to those of the smaller part. This is applica ble in cases where the difference in thickness exceeds 25 % of the thickness of the thinner part or 3. 0 mm, whichever is greater. The slope provided at the joint for the thicker part should not be steeper than one in five [Figs. . 20 (a) (b)]. In instances, where this is not practicable, the weld metal is built up at the junction equal to a thickness which is at least 25 % greater than the thinner part or equal to the dimension of the thicker part [Fig. 3. 20 (c)]. Where reduction of the wider part is not possible, the ends of the weld shall be returned to ensure full throat thickness. Stresses for butt welds are assumed same as for the parent metal with a thickness equal to the throat thickness (Cl. 10. 5. 7. 1). For field welds, the permissible stresses in shear and tension calculated using a partial factor ? mw of 1. 5. (Cl. 0. 5. 7. 2) Design of fillet welds: Fillet welds are broadly classified into side fillets and end fillets (Fig. 3. 21). When a connection with end fillet i s loaded in tension, the weld develops high strength and the stress developed in the weld is equal to the value of the weld metal. But the ductility is minimal. On the other hand, when a specimen with side weld is loaded, the load axis is parallel to the weld axis. The weld is subjected to shear and the weld shear strength is limited to just about half the weld metal tensile strength. But ductility is considerably Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar improved. For intermediate weld positions, the value of strength and ductility show intermediate values. Fig. 3. 20 Butt welding of members with (a) (b) unequal thickness (c) unequal width In many cases, it is possible to use the simplified approach of average stresses in the weld throat (Fig. 3. 22). In order to apply this method, it is important to establish equilibrium with the applied load. Studies conducted on fillet welds have shown that the fillet weld shape is very important for end fillet welds. For equal leg lengths, making the direction of applied tension nearly parallel to the throat leads to a large reduction in strength. The optimum weld shape recommended is to provide shear leg ? 3 times the tension leg. A small variation in the side fillet connections has negligible effect on strength. In general, fillet welds are stronger in compression than in tension. Fig. 3. 21 Fillet (a) side welds and (b) end welds Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar Fig. 3. 2 Average stress in the weld throat A simple approach to design is to assume uniform fillet weld strength in all directions and to specify a certain throat stress value. The average throat thickness is obtained by dividing the applied loads summed up in vectorial form per unit length by the throat size. This method is limited in usage to cases of pure shear, tension or compression (Fig. 3. 23). It cannot be used in cases where the load vector direction varies around weld group. For the simple method, the stress is taken as the vector sum of the force components acting in the weld divided by the throat area. Fig. . 23 (a) connections with simple weld design, (b) connections with Direction- dependent weld design Stresses Due to Individual forces When subjected to either compressive or tensile or shear force alone, the stress in the weld is given by: Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar fa or q = Where P t t lw fa = calculated normal stress due to axial force in N/mm2 q = shear stress in N/mm2 P = force transmitted (axial force N or the shear force Q) tt = effective throat thickness of weld in mm lw= effective length of weld in mm Fig. 3. 4 End fillet weld normal to direction of force The design strength of a fillet weld, fwd, shall be based on its throat area (Cl. 10. 5. 7). fwd = fwn / ? mw in which fwn = f u / 3 Where fu = smaller of the u ltimate stress of the weld and the parent metal and ?mw = partial safety factor (=1. 25 for shop welds and = 1. 5 for field welds) The design strength shall be reduced appropriately for long joints as prescribed in the code. The size of a normal fillet should be taken as the minimum leg size (Fig. 3. 25) Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar Fig. 3. 5 Sizes of fillet welds For a deep penetration weld, the depth of penetration should be a minimum of 2. 4 mm. Then the size of the weld is minimum leg length plus 2. 4 mm. The size of a fillet weld should not be less than 3 mm or more than the thickness of the thinner part joined. Minimum size requirement of fillet welds is given below in Table 3. 4 (Cl. 10. 5. 2. 3). Effective throat thickness should not be less than 3 mm and should not exceed 0. 7 t and 1. 0 t under special circumstances, where’t’ is the thickness of thinner part. Table 3. 4 Minimum size of first run or of a single run fillet weld Thickness of thicker part (mm) t ? 0 10 t ? 20 20 t ? 32 32 t ? 50 Minimum size (mm) 3 5 6 8 (First run)10 (Minimum size of fillet) For stress calculations, the effective throat thickness should be taken as K times fillet size, where K is a constant. Values of K for different angles between tension fusion faces are given in Table 3. 5 (Cl. 10. 5. 3. 2). Fillet welds are normally used for connecting parts whose fusion faces form angles between 60 ° and 120 °. The actual length is taken as the length having the effective length plus twice the weld size. Minimum effective length should not be less than four times the weld size. When a fillet weld is provided to square edge of a part, the weld size should be at least 1. 5 mm less than the edge Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar thickness [Fig. 3. 26 (a)]. For the rounded toe of a rolled section, the weld size should not exceed 3/4 thickness of the section at the toe [Fig. 3. 26 (b)] (Cl. 10. 5. 8. 1). Fig. 3. 26 (a) Fillet welds on square edge of plate, (b) Fillet Welds on round toe of rolled section Table 3. 5. Value of K for different angles between fusion faces Angle between fusion faces Constant K 60 ° 90 ° 0. 0 91 °-100 ° 0. 65 101 °-106 ° 0. 60 107 °-113 ° 0. 55 114 °-120 ° 0. 50 Intermittent fillet welds may be provided where the strength required is less than that can be developed by a continuous fillet weld of the smallest allowable size for the parts joined. The length of intermediate welds should not be less than 4 times the weld size with a mi nimum of 40 mm. The clear spacing between the effective lengths of the intermittent welds should be less than or equal to 12 times the thickness of the thinner member in compression and 16 times in tension; in no case the length should exceed 20 cm. Chain intermittent welding is better than staggered intermittent welding. Intermittent fillet welds are not used in main members exposed to weather. For lap joints, the overlap should not be less than five times the thickness of the thinner part. For fillet welds to be used in slots and holes, the dimension of the slot or hole should comply with the following limits: a) The width or diameter should not be less than three times the thickness or 25 mm whichever is greater b) Corners at the enclosed ends or slots should be rounded with a radius not less than 1. times the thickness or 12 mm whichever is greater, and Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar c) The distance between the edge of the part and the edge of the slot or hole, or between adjacent slots or holes, should be not less than twice the thickness and not less than 25 mm for the holes. Fig. 3. 27 End returns for side welds The effective area of a plug weld is assumed as the nominal area of the whole in the plane of the faying surface. Plug welds are not designed to carry stresses. If two or more of the general types of weld (butt, fillet, plug or slots) are combined in a single joint, the effective capacity of each has to be calculated separately with reference to the axis of the group to determine the capacity of the welds. The high stress concentration at ends of welds is minimised by providing welds around the ends as shown in Fig. 3. 27. These are called end returns. Most designers neglect end returns in the effective length calculation of the weld. End returns are invariably provided for welded joints that are subject to eccentricity, impact or stress reversals. The end returns are provided for a distance not less than twice the size of the weld. Design of plug and slot welds: In certain instances, the lengths available for the normal longitudinal fillet welds may not be sufficient to resist the loads. In such a situation, the required strength may be built up by welding along the back of the channel at the edge of the plate if sufficient space is available. This is shown in Fig. . 28 (a). Another way of developing the required strength is by providing slot or plug welds. Slot and plug welds [Fig. 3. 28 (b)] are generally used along with fillet welds in lap joints. On certain occasions, plug welds are used to fill the holes that are temporarily made for erection bolts for beam and Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar column connections. However, t heir strength may not be considered in the overall strength of the joint. The limitations given in specifications for the maximum sizes of plug and slot welds are necessary to avoid large shrinkage, which might be caused around these welds when they exceed the specified sizes. The strength of a plug or slot weld is calculated by considering the allowable stress and its nominal area in the shearing plane. This area is usually referred to as the faying surface and is equal to the area of contact at the base of the slot or plug. The length of the slot weld can be obtained from the following relationship: Load ( Width ) allowable stress L= (3. 15) Fig. 3. 28 Slot and plug welds Indian Institute of Technology Madras

An Apple for the Teacher

An Apple for the Teacher The tradition of putting an apple on teacher’s desk was allegedly started by a grade-school student who polished a red apple and placed it on teacher’s desk just before the class start. The â€Å"apple polisher’s† intention was to ask for a better grade or bribe the teacher with a bright and shiny red apple. REMEMBERING OUR FIRST STAGE OF EDUCATION Apple as a Symbol of Teaching in Different Countries The apple has been the symbol of teaching for many years but used differently some parts of the world. For instance, seems so different from the original apple polisher’s intention, students in Europe who cannot afford school fees traditionally bring an apple for the teacher as acceptable payment in kind. In Nashville, Tennessee, U.S, a crystal apple award is given to a teacher â€Å"who made a difference†. Moreover, the apple according to literature represents the happy relationship between teachers, students, and their families and from a teacher’s perspective, an apple on their desk is an appreciation of their hard work and a gift from people who like and see them as noble professionals. Teaching is the most demanding of all profession but according to a teacher with more than thirty years in service, teaching is the most rewarding and noble profession of all. For one thing, teachers help younger generation survive the challenges of present and future by transferring their knowledge and skills. The reward on the other hand such as simple a bear hug from students, an apple on the desk, a birthday card with a note, and so on is far greater than the demands. Teaching Is the Noblest Profession of All Teaching is a profession that is conceptually and ideally noble. Compared to another profession, teaching has a multitude of dimensions and it is considered to be the only profession that requires becoming a qualified practitioner.  For instance, teachers must undertake sound professional training before they can teach, undergo induction training at work and update their knowledge and skills through continuous education. Moreover, teachers are mostly engaged in human development activities. Qualified teachers normally mastered the knowledge of the subject, the pedagogy, teaching techniques, dedicated to students’ learning and betterment of our society. The professional and cultural dimensions of teaching made it an even  more difficult profession. However, the most inspiring justification for being an exceptional and noblest profession is the reality that monetary consideration in teaching is often secondary. One of its primary principles is selflessness and required by the code of ethics to maintain dignity and avoid controversies in and out of school. In fact, aside from maintaining a high standard of personal appearance, a teacher’s own life should reflect dignity in education, act as people with superior educational skills, blameless, obedient, and neutral to any social, economic, and political issues. Despite enormous demands and pressure, teaching is a poorly paid profession, teachers do not usually have similar public respect that other professionals enjoy, considered professional but not autonomous at the workplace, they normally need to work in the evenings and on weekends, perform enormous clerical activities, and in most occasion dealing with poor working condition. JUNK FOOD IN SCHOOL

was hitler a legal dictator during after his rise in 1933 essays

was hitler a legal dictator during after his rise in 1933 essays THE YEAR 1933 SAW HITLER RISE IRRESSISTABLY FROM LEGAL CHANCELLOR TO LEGAL DICTATOR. HOW VALID IS THIS ASSESSMENT OF THE NATURE AND THE EXTENT OF THE NAZI CONSOLIDATION OF POWER DURING 1933? In recent years many historians have come to the conclusion that during the year of 1933 Hitler was able to move from a chancellor of Germany to its dictator. A dictator is defined as a ruler who is not bound by constitution or laws. A dictator can also be a person who behaves in a tyrannical manner. So was this the position that Hitler found himself in at the end of 1933. Was he bound by a constitution or laws and did he behave in a tyrannical manner. Through looking and analyzing the key events of this year we will be able to answer this question. At the beginning of 1933 Hitler found himself in a very promising position. When Hitlers conservative supporters including Franz Von Papen allowed Hitler to become chancellor on the 30th January 1933 they did it because they felt they could control him. Papen himself was minister president of Prussia ultimately having control over the police as well as the civil service. He felt that by obtaining this position he would be able to stop Hitler from gaining any extra power. Papen explained within two months we will have pushed Hitler so far into a corner that hell squeak. However Hitler himself already began to get the upper hand by convincing the conservatives to allow him to hold an election. Now in charge of government agencies this would naturally help the Nazis come to power. At this time talks about creating an authoritarian government were being held with the army. Hitler wanted Germany eradicated of Marxism and the cancer of democracy. Confidence within the nazi party at this time was high and Goebbels himself had promised once we have power we will never surrender it unless we are carried out of are offices as corpses. Control ...

Employee Engagement On The Scope Of Future Career Growth Of Employees Dissertation

Employee Engagement On The Scope Of Future Career Growth Of Employees - Dissertation Example In the words of Collings & Wood (2009), the most hyped topics in the context of international human resource management are ensuring employee commitment and engagement. Considering the current business environment, the internal management process of firms is being aligned with the strategic mission and vision of the firms for ensuring an appropriately directed performance. Scholars such as Dyne & Pierce and Konrad (2009) have questioned the authenticity of the organizations in the context of providing the scope of growth for their employee base. Carrying forward a similar concern Bakker & Leiter mentioned that employee engagement and job satisfaction does not go hand-in-hand. Focusing on these arguments and the evaluation of the practical work conditions and processes, the research will focus on analyzing the influence of employee engagement on their career growth opportunities with the help of a mixed methodology. Human resource management processes have transformed along with the changes in the requirements of the business firms and the increase of complexities in business management. Saks noted that methods such as downsizing are commonly used by the firm in order to reduce their operational expenses and at the same time maintain their competence in their respective industries. In this context, Green & Medlin observed that employee engagement concepts being followed in business are mostly implemented with the help of reward structures which can be considered as short-term obligations from the end of the organizations.

Indonesia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Indonesia - Term Paper Example In addition, the Gross National savings of Indonesia as estimated in the year 2014 stands at 30.2% of GDP. Relevant to consumption of GDP, household and government consumption stands at 56.2 % and 9 % respectively. Investment in fixed capital and exports of goods and services take 33.6% and 23.5 % of GDP respectively. Moreover, the agricultural, industrial and service sectors claim 14.2 %, 45.5% and 40.3% of the GDP (Central Intelligence Agency, 2015). The labor force of Indonesia stands at 124.3 million according to the recent records. The industrial production growth rate is 4.9 %. The population below poverty line stands at 11.7 %. The unemployment rate is at 5.7 % according to the latest statistics and the Gini index stands at 36.8 as recorded in 2009. According to the budget of Indonesia, the revenues and expenditures stand at $134.7 billion and $155.2 billion respectively (Central Intelligence Agency, 2015). Taxes and other revenues account for 15.7% and the public debt stands at 23.9% of the GDP. The inflation rate was estimated at 6.3% in the year 2014. The prime lending rate of the commercial bank was estimated at 12.4 % in December 2014. According to the recent records, the imports and exports of Indonesia stand at $166.7 billion and $ 179.4 billion respectively. The major indicators of social infrastructure in Indonesia may comprise of the life expectancy, infant mortality as well as literacy levels among others. In Indonesia, the population growth rate is estimated at 0.95 % according to the 2014 statistics. The birth rate was estimated at 17.04 births per 1000 population in 2014. Death rate was estimated at 6.34 deaths per 1000 population. The infant mortality rate stands at 25.16 deaths per 1000 and the maternal mortality rate was estimated at 220 deaths per 1000 live births. The life expectancy stands at 72.17 years for all populations. From the latest commercial guide of Indonesia, there are