Strategic Business Inherent Risk Assessment and Preliminary

Question: Talk about the Strategic Business Inherent Risk Assessment and Preliminary. Answer: Presentation: With regards to reviewing, the innate hazard suggests a danger of error in the fiscal summary without considering the controls. The substance set out the controls on different business procedures to decrease the danger of misquote in the budget summaries, which are not considered by the examiner at the time primer evaluation of the review hazard (Johnstone, Gramling, and Rittenberg, 2015). This starter evaluation of the review chance is known as inborn hazard. The appraisal of the inalienable hazard is made at the money related report level and at the specific record balance level. The evaluation of characteristic hazard at the budgetary report level considers the expansive view regarding what could turn out badly at the higher administration level in concluding the fiscal summaries (Johnstone, Gramling, and Rittenberg, 2015). There are different elements that influence the appraisal of the innate hazard at the budgetary report level as examined underneath: Trustworthiness of the Management The administrations trustworthiness is pivotal issue for the associations notoriety. In the event that the administration of an association is untrustworthy, the evaluator is probably going to survey the inalienable hazard high (Delaney and Whittington, 2012). Then again, if the administration is coordinate; the examiner would survey the inborn hazard low thinking about less chance of control in the budget reports. Along these lines, the need respectability of the administration would build the danger of errors in the budget summaries. The Experience and Knowledge of the Board of Directors The experience and information controlled by the governing body of an organization is another factor that adds to the evaluation of the inalienable hazard at the budget summary level (Delaney and Whittington, 2012). The evaluator need to give due thought to the experience and information level of the top managerial staff of the organization, the preeminent administration authority, while surveying the inalienable hazard at the budgetary report level. This is on the grounds that the unpracticed individuals or learners in the block can without much of a stretch be gotten by the deceivers. In this way, if the individuals in the top managerial staff are unpracticed or needs information, all things considered, the evaluator surveys the natural hazard high than expected (Delaney and Whittington, 2012). Changes in the Composition of the Board of Directors This is maybe the most pivotal factor that the examiner is required to consider while surveying the intrinsic hazard. A generous and unexpected change in the piece of the top managerial staff means that something incorrectly in the element. In this way, if the reviewer, before direct the review, goes over of any generous change in the board in the ongoing years, the inborn hazard ought to be surveyed high (Johnstone, Gramling, and Rittenberg, 2015). Nature of Business and Industry Conditions The idea of business could likewise influence the evaluation of the innate hazard. For instance, another endeavor with various business forms like web organizations are progressively inclined to the inborn hazard. Further, the business conditions, for example, increment in the opposition in the market could make regular weight on the administration. The administration may entice to control the budget reports and window dressing to dazzle the speculators in such circumstances (Young, 2003). Political and Regulatory Environment The political and administrative together influence the evaluation of the inalienable hazard. For instance, the adjustments in the administrative system in the telecom division in Australia influenced the whole business. Along these lines, the adjustments in the guidelines, which are probably going to have antagonistic effect on the matter of the organization, additionally upgrade the level of characteristic hazard (Young, 2003). The key business chance evaluation is the way toward recognizing the conditions that could prompt expected risk to the business and accommodating the shield against those conditions. In the current situation, the associations are receiving completely chance appraisal instrument that considers the inside just as outer hazard factors (Fraser and Simkins, 2009). The interior hazard factors spread the conditions identified with the inside procedures and business condition of the organization. Further, the outer elements identify with the earth outside the organization, for instance, the political conditions, guidelines, and geological conditions. Among the above examined chance factors, the components relating to the administration and nature of business are could be distinguished during inward hazard evaluation. Further, the hazard factors relating to the political and administrative condition are probably going to be distinguished during the outside hazard evaluation (Curtis and Cary, 2012). Elements of Inherent Risk Assessment at the Account Balance Level The evaluator is required to keep up most elevated level of value in reviewing and confirmation administrations. So as to keep up the most significant level of value, the inspector ought to survey the hazard material of misquotes, which incorporates the natural hazard, at the records balance level (Puncel, 2007). The danger of material misquote at the record balance level is tied in with affirming that the record adjusts appeared in the budget summaries are valid and right. Along these lines, the inspector is required to check different attestations in regard of the record adjusts and classes of exchanges. Such affirmations are presence, event, fulfillment, and arrangements of the exchanges and record adjusts. In confirming these statements, the inspector should pay due see to different hazard factors as talked about beneath: Multifaceted nature of Transactions The reviewer may watch the money related exchanges somewhat complex in the unique nature business elements when contrasted with the typical business elements. In the quick creating business condition, it is conceivable that a substance may have the exceptional budgetary game plans making it extremely hard for the examiner to assess their effect on the fiscal reports. Along these lines, the evaluator ought to have due respect to the degree of intricacy of the exchanges (AU Section 312, 2006). The higher the degree of intricacy declared by the evaluator higher will be the appraisal of intrinsic hazard. Bookkeeping System The bookkeeping framework utilized by the substance is likewise a main consideration in evaluating the inborn hazard at the record balance level. In such manner, the evaluator ought to check that whether the element has bookkeeping framework set up that similar with its size and the idea of business. In the event that the bookkeeping framework doesn't similar with the size of the element and nature of its business; the inspector ought to survey the characteristic hazard high (AU Section 312, 2006). Subjectivity Involved in Accounting The bookkeeping exchanges and equalizations that include administrations judgment are progressively inclined to error. The bookkeeping exchanges, for example, assurance of the valuable existence of the depreciable resources and choosing the strategy for devaluation rely on the administrations judgment. The more there is extension for the executives judgment, the more will be the intrinsic hazard surveyed by the inspector (AU Section 312, 2006). Vulnerability of Misappropriation The examiner should cover here the variables, for example, abilities of the staff, cases of circumvention of the experts before, and the general structure of the worry. Considering these all variables if the weakness of misappropriation is higher, the natural hazard ought to be surveyed as high (Johnstone, Gramling, and Rittenberg, 2015). Cut off Transactions The slice off exchanges alludes to the exchanges happening toward the finish of the bookkeeping time frame. The reviewer should focus on the past records and furthermore allude to the past review reports to recognize the volume and the idea of exchange that happened toward the finish of the bookkeeping time frame (Johnstone, Gramling, and Rittenberg, 2015). Appraisal of Going Concern The budget reports of a substance are readied dependent on the crucial bookkeeping supposition of going concern (IAS 570, 2016). The presumption of going concern suggests that the budgetary situation of the organization seems satisfactory and the element won't exchange its benefits sooner rather than later. The administration of the organization needs to expressly express that the budget summaries have been set up based on going concern supposition and the job of the reviewer is to check the fittingness of this announcement of the administration. In checking the fittingness of the administrations explanation the evaluator should consider the huge occasions and exchanges that disable the capacity of the association to proceed as a going concern (IAS 570, 2016). In light of the investigation of the critical occasions and exchanges, the inspector ought to evaluate the danger of going worry as high, low, or medium. The appraisal of the hazard relating to the going concern is vital in drawing review sentiment, in this way, the evaluator ought to keep up proficient doubt while confirming the propriety of the going concern supposition (Dagwell, Wines, and Lambert, 2011). The inspector ought to think about the accompanying occasions or exchanges while confirming the propriety of the going concern presumption: Money related Events The reviewer ought to be alert while confirming a portion of the significant things of the fiscal summaries, for example, total assets, obligation risk, and working incomes. Further, the key budgetary proportions, for example, obligation value proportion and current proportion likewise should be considered by the reviewer. The occasions, for example, negative total assets, negative working incomes, unfriendly obligation value proportion and current proportion builds the danger of going concern (Flood, 2014). Non Financial Further, the non monetary conditions, for example, administrations aim to sell the business activities in th

Government Business Relations for Immigration- myassignmenthelp

Question: Talk about theGovernment Business Relations for Immigration. Answer: Outline of the Article This article is about the Australian qualities sway on the day by day life of the individuals and the transients who are getting ready to become naturalized Australian resident. According to the Australian government, the transients must acknowledge the countries incentive to secure national character, accomplish digestion and keep up social solidarity among the individuals. Vagrants who need to turn into the resident of the Australia need to finish the assessment for the Citizenship of the Australia. This is a modernized test which comprises of three inquiries dependent on Australian guiding principle. Different nations like the United Kingdom, USA, and Canada have additionally presented the citizenship test for the individuals who need to turn into the resident of that nation. However, Australia government makes a stride and dispatch the announcement of the Australian qualities, which is an official revelation that the individuals who are going to remain in the nation for a drawn o ut requirements to sign before they get the consent to enter the nation. This progression of the administration advocated their intention to secure their nearby and national character and dealing with social solidarity from the developing and the negative effect of globalization. In the Australian setting the Howard government accepts that Australian citizenship test will be useful to deliver the correct sort of Australian resident according to the historical backdrop of Australia. PM Malcolm Fraser made the main open verbalization of national worth 30 years before in his debut discourse of multiculturalism. After the presentation of this numerous other, government endeavors to control these qualities by forcing information to the residents with respect to national qualities. There are a few qualities which residents need to receive and some of them resemble Regard for the equivalent worth, pride and opportunity of the Australian individuals. The people are allowed to talk Liberated from the religion and Secular government Continuously bolster the standard of law just as the majority rules system of the Parliament. The Law is equivalent for all People are equivalent in the Australian culture Common regard, resistance and sympathy for the destitute individuals Serenity Equivalent open doors for all There are 10 qualities that formally characterized as Australian qualities. Individuals who need to turn into the resident of the nation they all worth these qualities and they additionally expressed that they don't know about these qualities before this citizenship test has been presented. Vagrants accept that all the qualities are acceptable qualities and they regard and bolstered these qualities. There is one progressively significant point advanced by the legislature during this worth discussion that, these qualities ought to advance a feeling of affection and fellowship among transients and Australian people group (Australian Government, 2007). The transients acknowledge the Australian qualities, and yet they additionally not dismiss their own qualities. They continually develop those qualities since they realize that the Australian qualities are the blend of numerous societies like European, British and Christian. In any case, this article revealed that the workers need to embr ace secure and safe way of life to turn into the piece of the network of the Australia. Ideas in the Article This entire article spins around the Australian qualities and the citizenship test which vagrants need to provide for become the resident of the nation. There are 10 qualities which are clarified in this article. But these qualities, the article likewise clarifies about the idea of the Re-Racializng. Idea of Re-Racializing: This article shows the idea of the re-racialization of the migrants and citizenship approaches that reviews about the trial of correspondence which are not unreasonably much well known. These tests are qualified for non white foreigners who are barred to go into the Australia. The reintroduction of these transcription tests has the primary target is to keep up the white populace the Australia (Turner, 1979). This is a restricted idea of expelling the non British individuals from the Australia. Moving further to the laws and related standards for the trial of the applicants, the course should have the honest and unquestionable qualities uncovers that the Australia is prevailing nation and it has the individuals of all foundations, for example, British, Irish, European, and so forth. Every one of these individuals are living in the prevailing society design by receiving all the estimations of the Australia. As indicated by the laws, the indigenous individuals ar e excluded to follow the qualities so as to turn into the resident of the Australia. These individuals were just remembered for the historical backdrop of the Australia, however not in right now. In any case, this is obvious to the migrants that the indigenous were not the piece of the national estimation of the Australians which endorsed for the combination of the foreigners. Nonetheless, unmistakably, White, European and Christian qualities were basically perceived as a significant component of the Australian character. The vagrants acknowledge the Australian qualities, and yet they additionally not dismiss their own qualities. They continually develop those qualities since they realize that the Australian qualities are the blend of numerous societies like European, British and Christian. Racial contrast can mean by the vagrants and exiles through the system of the Australian estimations of the Christian, British so as to comprehend its consequences for the way of life as well. Racial individuals are not the same as the others in the conditions of the physical or the psychological attributes. These racial gatherings are socially characterized, however that definition is based on the physical models. The idea of the racialization is characterized as the social procedure that placing a portion of the individuals in a gathering for the specific treatment based on the physical attributes. In any case, this article reasons that he Migrants who need to turn into the resident of the Australia need to breeze through the Australian citizenship assessment. This is a mechanized test which comprises of three inquiries dependent on Australian fundamental beliefs (Commonwealth of Australia, 2017). Speculations in the Article This article portrays the Social personality speculations which are further having three subjective procedures These procedures are the piece of the in gathering and out gathering. To turn into the resident of the Australia, the individuals in the general public separated in the three unique classifications only for the distinguishing proof of the individuals from the various foundations. Social classification: This is the way toward partitioning the individuals into gatherings or either choose to which bunch they individuals are having a place. There is no need of the contention between the gatherings. Social Identification: This piece of the hypothesis recognizes the standards and the mentalities of the individuals to investigate that they are perfect with the way of life and estimations of the general public just as they can without much of a stretch alter with the individuals of the various foundations or not (Department of Immigration, 2016). Social Comparison: This piece of the social personality looks at the two changed gatherings in gathering and out gathering. The examination occurred based on the conduct of the gathering of individuals towards society of Australia that comprises of the various individuals of British, Christian, European. Social hypothesis: The article additionally gives some impression of the conduct hypothesis as the vagrants citizenship in the Australia is exceptionally reliant on their conduct, standards and perspectives. The conduct of the vagrants ought to be serene, middle of the road, faithful for the laws and rules, acknowledgment for the new culture and qualities, and so on. The individuals or the vagrants are allowed to discourse, allowed to adhere to the guidelines, allowed to affiliation and openings. There is one increasingly significant point advanced by the administration during this worth discussion that, these qualities ought to advance a feeling of affection and fellowship among transients and Australian people group. Vagrant doesn't dismiss their own social foundation by uncritically tolerating Australian qualities (Chisari, 2015). Opportunity and the individual: The fundamental rule of the social order of the estimations of the Australia was the opportunity of the individual, regard for the poise of the person. This hypothesis or guideline plainly explains that the people who need to turn into the resident of the Australia, are free and need equivalent treatment with full regard and respect. This is the standard that the Australians will dismiss the utilization of the brutality, mortification and terrorizing so as to lessen the contention in the network. Multiculturalism: The article likewise shows the idea of the multiculturalism due to transients are from the diverse culture who need to the citizenship of the Australaia. The multiculturalism is the in addition to point for the general public as the individuals become more acquainted with about the diverse culture and various estimations of different nations (Chisari, 2009). Basic Values and suppositions In this article, there are many key suspicions and qualities are disclosed so as to turn into the piece of the Australian culture. Every one of these presumptions are given by the Australian government for the transients. The qualities and suspicions are likewise made in light of the fact that the Australian government needs to maintain a strategic distance from the contentions in the general public in view of the distinctive social gatherings. A portion of the qualities and presumptions referenced in the article are given beneath: Regard for the equivalent worth, pride and opportunity of the Australian individuals. As indicated by this supposition, the individuals or the vagrants are subject to regard the individuals of the Australia with poise and they are allowed to discourse. The Migrants should deal with these things on account of their diverse culture. In any case, it obviously explains that the people who need to turn into the resident of the Australia, are free and need equivalent treatment with full regard and respect (Eliot, 2009). The people are allowed to talk It is accepted that the individuals or the vagrants have the full option to talk like others. The individuals

How to work Compass

How to work Compass Hey guys, I thought I would write about how to use compass, since I was kind of lost on how to use it my first time.  Compass is  a website where current Illinois students can check their grades, submit assignments, review syllabi, and upload content. When you go to the Compass website, you will see a log in page. To log in, you need to use your university net id and password. After logging in, you will see a page similar to this one: By clicking on the names of your classes you can access the pages your instructors have set up, with other lists of assignments, syllabi, and exam review materials. ** Compass is not compatible with pages.dox or documents submitted from pages. In order for instructors or teaching assistants to have access to your assignments, convert your pages files to PDF files or Word documents. To submit an assignment, you click on the class on the first page and find the name of the assignment and click it. After clicking the assignment, you should see a bar that says “Submit. The only times an assignment won’t show the submit bar is if the assignment was already due. If an assignment is not allowing you to submit an assignment and it isn’t late, you should email your instructor immediately, and try asking other people in the class if they are having the same problem. Thats how compass works. ?? Thanks guys! Indyia Class of 2019 I’m an Art Foundation student in the College of Fine and Applied Arts, and after Art Foundation I plan on majoring in Art Education. With my degree and teaching certificate, I want to teach children how to use their emotions, thoughts, and surroundings to create art.

Different Opinions And Ideas About The Theories Of...

In this class, we have discussed many different opinions and ideas about the theories of personalities. Of these, I have chosen to incorporate ideas from myself, McAdams, Freud, Jung, Adler, and Horney. I believe that there are seven personality types and each is displayed as a personification in a character from the Peanuts cartoons and comics. The personalities are Neuroticism, Openness to Experience and Imagination, Psychoticism, Passive Aggressive Dependency, Histrionicism, Introversion, and Extraversion. These personality types make up the world, and I believe that any single person can actually have several different personalities. It can be noted that three of the Big Five by McAdams are included in my breakdown of†¦show more content†¦Horney came up with a list of ten â€Å"needs† that Neurotic people have. These â€Å"needs† include â€Å"The Neurotic need for affection and approval† which Charlie Brown clearly shows in his worry about how oth ers view him (Hall, Lindzey, Campbell, 1998) ; â€Å"The Neurotic ambition for personal achievement† which is displayed in his over analysis of everything to try and always improve himself for personal achievement(Hall, Lindzey, Campbell, 1998) ; And â€Å"The Neurotic need for perfection and unassailability† which is again shown in his worry over his inadequacies (Hall, Lindzey, Campbell, 1998) . These negative feelings and thoughts toward everyday life lead me to believe that Charlie Brown is a near perfect personification of neuroticism. Openness to Experience and Imagination In the Peanuts comic, Linus is known as Charlie Brown s best friend and he carries around a blanket most of the time. This security blanket helps Linus be open to experiences and imagination. McAdams describes openness to experience as â€Å" a cluster of characteristics having to do with how reflective, imaginative, artistic, and refined a person is† (McAdams, 2009). Linus is one of the most thoughtful, intelligent and inviting of the characters in Peanuts. He listens to others while thoughtfully thinking about what is said, and he keeps his mind wide open to the possibility that he will see things that others may not. For example, Linus is the onlyShow MoreRelatedPersonality Theory And Personality Theories1441 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Personality can be defined in many ways due to the individual and unique aspects of personality, and there is yet to be a definitive answer for what personality is and how it comes into being. Generally personality can be defined as the relatively constant, individual and unique characteristics and traits which present themselves to others in different circumstances. 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Extroverts areRead MoreSigmund Freud And The Theory Of Personality993 Words   |  4 Pages History and Theories In today’s society we all look at each other and judge them by what they look like, instead of getting to know that person. Like they say you should judge a books by its cover. Today people are so quick to judge but what you don’t realize is that if you get to know the person, you well get to know their personality and how they look at things. Speaking of personality there are great theories out there created by some amazing and interesting scientist and doctors. We willRead MoreDonald Super s Life Span Theory1495 Words   |  6 Pagesis a strenuous task. Fortunately, there is a plethora of different interventions, techniques, assessments, and inventories designed to aid those individuals in making the wisest career choices possible. But are any of those routes inherently better than the others? Or are all the differing options separate but equally effective? 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Evaluation Of Sex Education School On Teen Pregnancy...

Research Proposal Evaluation of Sex Education in School on Teen Pregnancy Prevention Megan R. Fitzgerald PSY 290 – Research Methods Gayle Schwark, Ph.D. Arizona State University November 27, 2014 Abstract This study is proposed in order to evaluate the various types of school-based sex education programs and the effect that these specific programs have on teen pregnancy rates. The type of approaches for school-based sex education programs offered to the teenage participants will be peer led, specifically abstinence-based, and adult led. The control group is going to be studied without being offered any of the school based sex education programs. To conduct the study the most effective way possible, a cross-sectional study†¦show more content†¦Once the results of the data have been identified and determined, then the research can conclude the impact of each program and the significance it has on teen pregnancy. Evaluation of Sex Education in School on Teen Pregnancy Prevention: How Sex Education Effects Teen Pregnancy Rates Teen pregnancy prevention is an increasingly controversial and a potentially inconvenient topic of discussion for both teens and their parents alike (Sabia, 2006). As teen pregnancy rates have increased, there has been an increased focus on combatting the underlying causes and reversing their effects (Bennett Assefi, 2005). Teen pregnancy can result in an increased number of children placed in adoptive services, as well as, cause a strain on teenage parents who chose to take on the responsibilities of parenthood at an early age. By researching the effects of various school-based sex education programs on teen birth rates; it would be possible to establish a standardized sex education curriculum to minimize the number of children put into the adoption system and the number of teenagers whose lives are affected by pregnancy (Somers, Johnson, Sawilowsky, 2002). Based on information found in the supportive research for this study, there wa s a positive impact on lowering teen pregnancy rates when peer-instructed sex education programs were introduced into the academic curriculum, though it did also

Theologians Sallie Mc Fague And Thomas Torrance

THEOLOGIANS – SALLIE MC FAGUE AND THOMAS TORRANCE This paper seeks to compare two theologians, one male, one female, one Trinitarian and one mythological, Thomas F. Torrance and Sallie McFague. At the heart of all of Torrance’s theology is the truth of the Trinity. It is foundational to all of his work. For him, the ultimate purpose of theology is knowing God in a personal way that involves both head and heart. He felt we must be faithful to Scripture’s logic. (Torrance, 2008). Torrance was also interested in the interface between theology and science. He considered his method â€Å"depth exegesis, and† attempted to avoid dualism, believing that method was always responsive to content. He organized his approach around three unique features of Scripture: first, that its theological content is only understood within a framework which derives from the biblical text; second, that God speaks through the written document; and finally, that the Bible blends histo rical and abstract information. His was a three-leveled system: (1) corporate experience in receiving the revelation of the God’s reality as recorded in the Bible; (2) what he called the theological level, voicing an understanding of what God is doing; and (3) the higher theological level, experiencing God. According to him, to hear God speak people need to listen to Scripture. While seeking deeper meaning, Christians must also consider literary and historical features. When interpreting, he wanted people to see God in the

Welding and Fillet Welds free essay sample

Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar 3. 3 Welding and welded connections Welding is the process of joining two pieces of metal by creating a strong metallurgical bond between them by heating or pressure or both. It is distinguished from other forms of mechanical connections, such as riveting or bolting, which are formed by friction or mechanical interlocking. It is one of the oldest and reliable methods of joining. Welding offers many advantages over bolting and riveting. Welding enables direct transfer of stress between members eliminating gusset and splice plates necessary for bolted structures. Hence, the weight of the joint is minimum. In the case of tension members, the absence of holes improves the efficiency of the section. It involves less fabrication cost compared to other methods due to handling of fewer parts and elimination of operations like drilling, punching etc. and consequently less labour leading to economy. Welding offers air tight and water tight joining and hence is ideal for oil storage tanks, ships etc. Welded structures also have a neat appearance and enable the connection of complicated shapes. Welded structures are more rigid compared to structures with riveted and bolted connections. A truly continuous structure is formed by the process of fusing the members together. Generally welded joints are as strong or stronger than the base metal, thereby placing no restriction on the joints. Stress concentration effect is also considerably less in a welded connection. Some of the disadvantages of welding are that it requires skilled manpower for welding as well as inspection. Also, non-destructive evaluation may have to be carried out to detect defects in welds. Welding in the field may be difficult due to the location or environment. Welded joints are highly prone to cracking under fatigue loading. Large residual stresses and distortion are developed in welded connections. 3. 3. 1 Fundamentals of welding A welded joint is obtained when two clean surfaces are brought into contact with each other and either pressure or heat, or both are applied to obtain a bond. The tendency of atoms to bond is the fundamental basis of welding. The inter-diffusion Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar between the materials that are joined is the underlying principle in all welding processes. The diffusion may take place in the liquid, solid or mixed state. In welding the metallic materials are joined by the formation of metallic bonds and a perfect connection is formed. In practice however, it is very difficult to achieve a perfect joint; for, real surfaces are never smooth. When welding, contact is established only at a few points in the surface, joins irregular surfaces where atomic bonding occurs. Therefore the strength attained will be only a fraction of the full strength. Also, the irregular surface may not be very clean, being contaminated with adsorbed moisture, oxide film, grease layer etc. In the welding of such surfaces, the contaminants have to be removed for the bonding of the surface atoms to take place. This can be accomplished by applying either heat or pressure. In practical welding, both heat and pressure are applied to get a good joint. As pointed out earlier, any welding process needs some form of energy, often heat, to connect the two materials. The relative amount of heat and pressure required to join two materials may vary considerably between two extreme cases in which either heat or pressure alone is applied. When heat alone is applied to make the joint, pressure is used merely to keep the joining members together. Examples of such a process are Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) etc. On the other hand pressure alone is used to make the bonding by plastic deformation, examples being cold welding, roll welding, ultrasonic welding etc. There are other welding methods where both pressure and heat are employed, such as resistance welding, friction welding etc. A flame, an arc or resistance to an electric current, produces the required heat. Electric arc is by far the most popular source of heat used in commercial welding practice. 3. 3. 2 Welding process In general, gas and arc welding are employed; but, almost all structural welding is arc welding. Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar In gas welding a mixture of oxygen and some suitable gas is burned at the tip of a torch held in the welder’s hand or by an automatic machine. Acetylene is the gas used in structural welding and the process is called oxyacetylene welding. The flame produced can be used both for cutting and welding of metals. Gas welding is a simple and inexpensive process. But, the process is slow compared to other means of welding. It is generally used for repair and maintenance work. The most common welding processes, especially for structural steel, use electric energy as the heat source produced by the electric arc. IS:816 in this process, the base metal and the welding rod are heated to the fusion temperature by an electric arc. The arc is a continuous spark formed when a large current at a low voltage is discharged between the electrode and the base metal through a thermally ionised gaseous column, called plasma. The resistance of the air or gas between the electrode and the objects being welded changes the electric energy into heat. A temperature of 33000 C to 55000 C is produced in the arc. The welding rod is connected to one terminal of the current source and the object to be welded to the other. In arc welding, fusion takes place by the flow of material from the welding rod across the arc without pressure being applied. The Shielded Metal Arc Welding process is explained in the following paragraph. In Shielded Metal Arc Welding or SMAW (Fig. 3. 12), heating is done by means of electric arc between a coated electrode and the material being joined. In case bare wire electrode (without coating) is employed, the molten metal gets exposed to atmosphere and combines chemically with oxygen and nitrogen forming defective welds. The electrode coating on the welding rod forms a gaseous shield that helps to exclude oxygen and stabilise the arc. The coated electrode also deposits a slag in the molten metal, which because of its lesser density compared to the base metal, floats on the surface of the molten metal pool, shields it from atmosphere, and slows cooling. After cooling, the slag can be easily removed by hammering and wire brushing. Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar The coating on the electrode thus: shields the arc from atmosphere; coats the molten metal pool against oxidation; stabilises the arc; shapes the molten metal by surface tension and provides alloying element to weld metal. Fig. 3. 12 Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process Fig. 3. 12 Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process The type of welding electrode used would decide the weld properties such as strength, ductility and corrosion resistance. The type to be used for a particular job depends upon the type of metal being welded, the amount of material to be added and the position of the work. The two general classes of electrodes are lightly coated and heavily coated. The heavily coated electrodes are normally used in structural welding. The resulting welds are stronger, more corrosion resistant and more ductile compared to welds produced by lightly coated electrodes. Usually the SMAW process is either automatic or semi-automatic. The term weldability is defined as the ability to obtain economic welds, which are good, crack-free and would meet all the requirements. Of great importance are the chemistry and the structure of the base metal and the weld metal. The effects of heating and cooling associated with fusion welding are experienced by the weld metal and the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) of the base metal. The cracks in HAZ are mainly caused by high carbon content, hydrogen enbrittlement and rate of cooling. For most steels, weld cracks become a problem as the thickness of the plates increases. Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar 3. 3. 3 Types of joints and welds By means of welding, it is possible to make continuous, load bearing joints between the members of a structure. A variety of joints is used in structural steel work and they can be classified into four basic configurations namely, Lap joint, Tee joint, Butt joint and Corner joint. For lap joints, the ends of two members are overlapped and for butt joints, the two members are placed end to end. The T- joints form a Tee and in Corner joints, the ends are joined like the letter L. Most common joints are made up of fillet weld or the butt (also calling groove) weld. Plug and slot welds are not generally used in structural steel work. Fig. . 14 Fillet welds are suitable for lap joints and Tee joints and groove welds for butt and corner joints. Butt welds can be of complete penetration or incomplete penetration depending upon whether the penetration is complete through the thickness or partial. Generally a description of welded joints requires an indication of the type of both the joint an d the weld. Though fillet welds are weaker than butt welds, about 80% of the connections are made with fillet welds. The reason for the wider use of fillet welds is that in the case of fillet welds, when members are lapped over each other, large tolerances are allowed in erection. For butt welds, the members to be connected have to fit perfectly when they are lined up for welding. Further butt welding requires the shaping of the surfaces to be joined as shown in Fig. 3. 15. To ensure full penetration and a sound weld, a backup plate is temporarily provided as shown in Fig. 3. 15 Butt welds: Full penetration butt welds are formed when the parts are connected together within the thickness of the parent metal. For thin parts, it is possible to achieve full penetration of the weld. For thicker parts, edge preparation may have to be done to achieve the welding. There are nine different types of butt joints: square, single V, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar double V, single U, double U, single J, double J, single bevel and double bevel. They are shown in Fig. 3. 13 In order to qualify for a full penetration weld; there are certain conditions to be satisfied while making the welds. Welds are also classified according to their position into flat, horizontal, vertical and overhead. Flat welds are the most economical to make while overhead welds are the most difficult and expensive. Fig. 3. 13 Different types of butt welds The main use of butt welds is to connect structural members, which are in the same plane. A few of the many different butt welds are shown in Fig. 3. 16. There are many variations of butt welds and each is classified according to its particular shape. Each type of butt weld requires a specific edge preparation and is named accordingly. The proper selection of a particular type depends upon: Size of the plate to be joined; welding is by hand or automatic; type of welding equipment, whether both sides are accessible and the position of the weld. Butt welds have high strength, high resistance to impact and cyclic stress. They are most direct joints and introduce least eccentricity in the joint. But their major disadvantages are: high residual stresses, necessity of edge preparation and proper aligning of the members in the field. Therefore, field butt joints are rarely used. Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar Fig. 3. 14 Common types of welds Fig. 3. 15 Shaping of surface and backup plate Fig. 3. 6 Typical connections with butt weld To minimise weld distortions and residual stresses, the heat input is minimised and hence the welding volume is minimised. This reduction in the volume of weld also Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar reduces cost. Hence for thicker plates, double Butt welds and U welds are generally used. For a butt weld, the root gap, R, is the sepa ration of the pieces being joined and is provided for the electrode to access the base of a joint. The smaller the root gap the greater the angle of the bevel. The depth by which the arc melts into the plate is called the depth of penetration [Fig. 3. 17 (a)]. Roughly, the penetration is about 1 mm per 100A and in manual welding the current is usually 150 – 200 A. Therefore, the mating edges of the plates must be cut back if through-thickness continuity is to be established. This groove is filled with the molten metal from the electrode. The first run that is deposited in the bottom of a groove is termed as the root run [Fig. 3. 176 (c)]. For good penetration, the root faces must be melted. Simultaneously, the weld pool also must be controlled, preferably, by using a backing strip. Fig. 3. 17 Butt weld details Fillet welds: Owing to their economy, ease of fabrication and adaptability, fillet welds are widely used. They require less precision in the fitting up because the plates being joined can be moved about more than the Butt welds. Another advantage of fillet welds is that special preparation of edges, as required by Butt welds, is not required. In a fillet weld the stress condition in the weld is quite different from that of the connected parts. A typical fillet weld is shown in Fig. 3. 18 Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar Fig. 3. 18 Typical fillet weld The root of the weld is the point where the faces of the metallic members meet. The theoretical throat of a weld is the shortest distance from the root to the hypotenuse of the triangle. The throat area equals the theoretical throat distance times the length of the weld. The concave shape of free surface provides a smoother transition between the connected parts and hence causes less stress concentration than a convex surface. But it is more vulnerable to shrinkage and cracking than the convex surface and has a much reduced throat area to transfer stresses. On the other hand, convex shapes provide extra weld metal or reinforcement for the throat. For statically loaded structures, a slightly convex shape is preferable, while for fatigue – prone structures, concave surface is desirable. Large welds are invariably made up of a number of layers or passes. For reasons of economy, it is desirable to choose weld sizes that can be made in a single pass. Large welds scan be made in a single pass by an automatic machine, though manually, 8 mm fillet is the largest single-pass layer. Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar 3. 3. 4 Weld symbols The information concerning type, size, position, welding process etc. of the welds in welded joints is conveyed by standard symbols in drawings. The symbolic representation includes elementary symbols along with a) supplementary symbol, b) a means of showing dimensions, or c) some complementary indications. IS: 813 â€Å"Scheme of Symbols for Welding† gives all the details of weld representation in drawings. Elementary symbols represent the various categories of the weld and look similar to the shape of the weld to be made. Combination of elementary symbols may also be used, when required. Elementary symbols are shown in Table 3. 2. Table 3. 2 Elementary symbols Illustration (Fig) Symbol Description Butt weld between plates with raised edges*(the raised edges being melted down completely) Square butt weld Single-V butt weld Single-bevel butt weld Single – V butt weld with broad root face Single – bevel butt weld with broad root face Single – U butt weld (parallel or sloping sides) Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar Single – J butt joint Backing run; back or backing weld Fillet weld Plug weld; plug or slot weld Spot weld Seam weld Supplementary symbols characterise the external surface of the weld and they complete the elementary symbols. Supplementary symbols are shown in Table 3. 3. The weld locations are defined by specifying, a) position of the arrow line, b) position of the reference line, and c) the position of the symbol. More details of weld representation may be obtained from IS 813. Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar Table 3. 3. Supplementary symbols Flat (flush) single – V butt weld Convex double – V butt weld Concave fillet weld Flat (flush) single – V butt with flat (flush) backing run Position of symbols in drawings: Apart from the symbols as covered earlier, the methods of representation (Fig. 3. 19) also include the following:  · An arrow line for each joint . A dual reference line, consisting of two parallel lines, one continuous and the other dashed. . A certain number of dimensions and conventional signs The location of welds is classified on the drawings by specifying: Position of the arrow line, position of the reference line and the position of the symbol Fig. 3. 19 Method of representation Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar The position of arrow line with respect to the weld has no special significance. The arrow line joins one end of the continuous reference line such that it forms an angle with it and shall be completed by an arrowhead or a dot. The reference line is a straight line drawn parallel to the bottom edge of the drawing. The symbol is placed either above or beneath the reference line. The symbol is placed on the continuous side of the reference line if the weld is on the other side of the joint; the symbol is placed on the dashed line side 3. 3. 5 Design of welds Design of butt welds: For butt welds the most critical form of loading is tension applied in the transverse direction. It has been observed from tests conducted on tensile coupons containing a full penetration butt weld normal to the applied load that the welded joint had higher strength than the parent metal itself. The yield stress of the weld metal and the parent metal in the HAZ region was found to be much higher than the parent metal. The butt weld is normally designed for direct tension or compression. However, a provision is made to protect it from shear. Design strength value is often taken the same as the parent metal strength. For design purposes, the effective area of the butt-welded connection is taken as the effective length of the weld times the throat size. Effective length of the butt weld is taken as the length of the continuous full size weld. The throat size is specified by the effective throat thickness. For a full penetration butt weld, the throat dimension is usually assumed as the thickness of the thinner part of the connection. Even though a butt weld may be reinforced on both sides to ensure full cross-sectional areas, its effect is neglected while estimating the throat dimensions. Such reinforcements often have a negative effect, producing stress concentration, especially under cyclic loads. Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar Unsealed butt welds of V, U, J and bevel types and incomplete penetration butt welds should not be used for highly stressed joints and joints subjected to dynamic and alternating loads. Intermittent butt welds are used to resist shear only and the effective length should not be less than four times the longitudinal space between the effective length of welds nor more han 16 times the thinner part. They are not to be used in locations subjected to dynamic or alternating stresses. Some modern codes do not allow intermittent welds in bridge structures. For butt welding parts with unequal cross sections, say unequal width, or thickness, the dimensions of the wider or thicker part should be reduced at the butt joint to those of the smaller part. This is applica ble in cases where the difference in thickness exceeds 25 % of the thickness of the thinner part or 3. 0 mm, whichever is greater. The slope provided at the joint for the thicker part should not be steeper than one in five [Figs. . 20 (a) (b)]. In instances, where this is not practicable, the weld metal is built up at the junction equal to a thickness which is at least 25 % greater than the thinner part or equal to the dimension of the thicker part [Fig. 3. 20 (c)]. Where reduction of the wider part is not possible, the ends of the weld shall be returned to ensure full throat thickness. Stresses for butt welds are assumed same as for the parent metal with a thickness equal to the throat thickness (Cl. 10. 5. 7. 1). For field welds, the permissible stresses in shear and tension calculated using a partial factor ? mw of 1. 5. (Cl. 0. 5. 7. 2) Design of fillet welds: Fillet welds are broadly classified into side fillets and end fillets (Fig. 3. 21). When a connection with end fillet i s loaded in tension, the weld develops high strength and the stress developed in the weld is equal to the value of the weld metal. But the ductility is minimal. On the other hand, when a specimen with side weld is loaded, the load axis is parallel to the weld axis. The weld is subjected to shear and the weld shear strength is limited to just about half the weld metal tensile strength. But ductility is considerably Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar improved. For intermediate weld positions, the value of strength and ductility show intermediate values. Fig. 3. 20 Butt welding of members with (a) (b) unequal thickness (c) unequal width In many cases, it is possible to use the simplified approach of average stresses in the weld throat (Fig. 3. 22). In order to apply this method, it is important to establish equilibrium with the applied load. Studies conducted on fillet welds have shown that the fillet weld shape is very important for end fillet welds. For equal leg lengths, making the direction of applied tension nearly parallel to the throat leads to a large reduction in strength. The optimum weld shape recommended is to provide shear leg ? 3 times the tension leg. A small variation in the side fillet connections has negligible effect on strength. In general, fillet welds are stronger in compression than in tension. Fig. 3. 21 Fillet (a) side welds and (b) end welds Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar Fig. 3. 2 Average stress in the weld throat A simple approach to design is to assume uniform fillet weld strength in all directions and to specify a certain throat stress value. The average throat thickness is obtained by dividing the applied loads summed up in vectorial form per unit length by the throat size. This method is limited in usage to cases of pure shear, tension or compression (Fig. 3. 23). It cannot be used in cases where the load vector direction varies around weld group. For the simple method, the stress is taken as the vector sum of the force components acting in the weld divided by the throat area. Fig. . 23 (a) connections with simple weld design, (b) connections with Direction- dependent weld design Stresses Due to Individual forces When subjected to either compressive or tensile or shear force alone, the stress in the weld is given by: Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar fa or q = Where P t t lw fa = calculated normal stress due to axial force in N/mm2 q = shear stress in N/mm2 P = force transmitted (axial force N or the shear force Q) tt = effective throat thickness of weld in mm lw= effective length of weld in mm Fig. 3. 4 End fillet weld normal to direction of force The design strength of a fillet weld, fwd, shall be based on its throat area (Cl. 10. 5. 7). fwd = fwn / ? mw in which fwn = f u / 3 Where fu = smaller of the u ltimate stress of the weld and the parent metal and ?mw = partial safety factor (=1. 25 for shop welds and = 1. 5 for field welds) The design strength shall be reduced appropriately for long joints as prescribed in the code. The size of a normal fillet should be taken as the minimum leg size (Fig. 3. 25) Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar Fig. 3. 5 Sizes of fillet welds For a deep penetration weld, the depth of penetration should be a minimum of 2. 4 mm. Then the size of the weld is minimum leg length plus 2. 4 mm. The size of a fillet weld should not be less than 3 mm or more than the thickness of the thinner part joined. Minimum size requirement of fillet welds is given below in Table 3. 4 (Cl. 10. 5. 2. 3). Effective throat thickness should not be less than 3 mm and should not exceed 0. 7 t and 1. 0 t under special circumstances, where’t’ is the thickness of thinner part. Table 3. 4 Minimum size of first run or of a single run fillet weld Thickness of thicker part (mm) t ? 0 10 t ? 20 20 t ? 32 32 t ? 50 Minimum size (mm) 3 5 6 8 (First run)10 (Minimum size of fillet) For stress calculations, the effective throat thickness should be taken as K times fillet size, where K is a constant. Values of K for different angles between tension fusion faces are given in Table 3. 5 (Cl. 10. 5. 3. 2). Fillet welds are normally used for connecting parts whose fusion faces form angles between 60 ° and 120 °. The actual length is taken as the length having the effective length plus twice the weld size. Minimum effective length should not be less than four times the weld size. When a fillet weld is provided to square edge of a part, the weld size should be at least 1. 5 mm less than the edge Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar thickness [Fig. 3. 26 (a)]. For the rounded toe of a rolled section, the weld size should not exceed 3/4 thickness of the section at the toe [Fig. 3. 26 (b)] (Cl. 10. 5. 8. 1). Fig. 3. 26 (a) Fillet welds on square edge of plate, (b) Fillet Welds on round toe of rolled section Table 3. 5. Value of K for different angles between fusion faces Angle between fusion faces Constant K 60 ° 90 ° 0. 0 91 °-100 ° 0. 65 101 °-106 ° 0. 60 107 °-113 ° 0. 55 114 °-120 ° 0. 50 Intermittent fillet welds may be provided where the strength required is less than that can be developed by a continuous fillet weld of the smallest allowable size for the parts joined. The length of intermediate welds should not be less than 4 times the weld size with a mi nimum of 40 mm. The clear spacing between the effective lengths of the intermittent welds should be less than or equal to 12 times the thickness of the thinner member in compression and 16 times in tension; in no case the length should exceed 20 cm. Chain intermittent welding is better than staggered intermittent welding. Intermittent fillet welds are not used in main members exposed to weather. For lap joints, the overlap should not be less than five times the thickness of the thinner part. For fillet welds to be used in slots and holes, the dimension of the slot or hole should comply with the following limits: a) The width or diameter should not be less than three times the thickness or 25 mm whichever is greater b) Corners at the enclosed ends or slots should be rounded with a radius not less than 1. times the thickness or 12 mm whichever is greater, and Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar c) The distance between the edge of the part and the edge of the slot or hole, or between adjacent slots or holes, should be not less than twice the thickness and not less than 25 mm for the holes. Fig. 3. 27 End returns for side welds The effective area of a plug weld is assumed as the nominal area of the whole in the plane of the faying surface. Plug welds are not designed to carry stresses. If two or more of the general types of weld (butt, fillet, plug or slots) are combined in a single joint, the effective capacity of each has to be calculated separately with reference to the axis of the group to determine the capacity of the welds. The high stress concentration at ends of welds is minimised by providing welds around the ends as shown in Fig. 3. 27. These are called end returns. Most designers neglect end returns in the effective length calculation of the weld. End returns are invariably provided for welded joints that are subject to eccentricity, impact or stress reversals. The end returns are provided for a distance not less than twice the size of the weld. Design of plug and slot welds: In certain instances, the lengths available for the normal longitudinal fillet welds may not be sufficient to resist the loads. In such a situation, the required strength may be built up by welding along the back of the channel at the edge of the plate if sufficient space is available. This is shown in Fig. . 28 (a). Another way of developing the required strength is by providing slot or plug welds. Slot and plug welds [Fig. 3. 28 (b)] are generally used along with fillet welds in lap joints. On certain occasions, plug welds are used to fill the holes that are temporarily made for erection bolts for beam and Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar column connections. However, t heir strength may not be considered in the overall strength of the joint. The limitations given in specifications for the maximum sizes of plug and slot welds are necessary to avoid large shrinkage, which might be caused around these welds when they exceed the specified sizes. The strength of a plug or slot weld is calculated by considering the allowable stress and its nominal area in the shearing plane. This area is usually referred to as the faying surface and is equal to the area of contact at the base of the slot or plug. The length of the slot weld can be obtained from the following relationship: Load ( Width ) allowable stress L= (3. 15) Fig. 3. 28 Slot and plug welds Indian Institute of Technology Madras