Strategic Business Inherent Risk Assessment and Preliminary

Question: Talk about the Strategic Business Inherent Risk Assessment and Preliminary. Answer: Presentation: With regards to reviewing, the innate hazard suggests a danger of error in the fiscal summary without considering the controls. The substance set out the controls on different business procedures to decrease the danger of misquote in the budget summaries, which are not considered by the examiner at the time primer evaluation of the review hazard (Johnstone, Gramling, and Rittenberg, 2015). This starter evaluation of the review chance is known as inborn hazard. The appraisal of the inalienable hazard is made at the money related report level and at the specific record balance level. The evaluation of characteristic hazard at the budgetary report level considers the expansive view regarding what could turn out badly at the higher administration level in concluding the fiscal summaries (Johnstone, Gramling, and Rittenberg, 2015). There are different elements that influence the appraisal of the innate hazard at the budgetary report level as examined underneath: Trustworthiness of the Management The administrations trustworthiness is pivotal issue for the associations notoriety. In the event that the administration of an association is untrustworthy, the evaluator is probably going to survey the inalienable hazard high (Delaney and Whittington, 2012). Then again, if the administration is coordinate; the examiner would survey the inborn hazard low thinking about less chance of control in the budget reports. Along these lines, the need respectability of the administration would build the danger of errors in the budget summaries. The Experience and Knowledge of the Board of Directors The experience and information controlled by the governing body of an organization is another factor that adds to the evaluation of the inalienable hazard at the budget summary level (Delaney and Whittington, 2012). The evaluator need to give due thought to the experience and information level of the top managerial staff of the organization, the preeminent administration authority, while surveying the inalienable hazard at the budgetary report level. This is on the grounds that the unpracticed individuals or learners in the block can without much of a stretch be gotten by the deceivers. In this way, if the individuals in the top managerial staff are unpracticed or needs information, all things considered, the evaluator surveys the natural hazard high than expected (Delaney and Whittington, 2012). Changes in the Composition of the Board of Directors This is maybe the most pivotal factor that the examiner is required to consider while surveying the intrinsic hazard. A generous and unexpected change in the piece of the top managerial staff means that something incorrectly in the element. In this way, if the reviewer, before direct the review, goes over of any generous change in the board in the ongoing years, the inborn hazard ought to be surveyed high (Johnstone, Gramling, and Rittenberg, 2015). Nature of Business and Industry Conditions The idea of business could likewise influence the evaluation of the innate hazard. For instance, another endeavor with various business forms like web organizations are progressively inclined to the inborn hazard. Further, the business conditions, for example, increment in the opposition in the market could make regular weight on the administration. The administration may entice to control the budget reports and window dressing to dazzle the speculators in such circumstances (Young, 2003). Political and Regulatory Environment The political and administrative together influence the evaluation of the inalienable hazard. For instance, the adjustments in the administrative system in the telecom division in Australia influenced the whole business. Along these lines, the adjustments in the guidelines, which are probably going to have antagonistic effect on the matter of the organization, additionally upgrade the level of characteristic hazard (Young, 2003). The key business chance evaluation is the way toward recognizing the conditions that could prompt expected risk to the business and accommodating the shield against those conditions. In the current situation, the associations are receiving completely chance appraisal instrument that considers the inside just as outer hazard factors (Fraser and Simkins, 2009). The interior hazard factors spread the conditions identified with the inside procedures and business condition of the organization. Further, the outer elements identify with the earth outside the organization, for instance, the political conditions, guidelines, and geological conditions. Among the above examined chance factors, the components relating to the administration and nature of business are could be distinguished during inward hazard evaluation. Further, the hazard factors relating to the political and administrative condition are probably going to be distinguished during the outside hazard evaluation (Curtis and Cary, 2012). Elements of Inherent Risk Assessment at the Account Balance Level The evaluator is required to keep up most elevated level of value in reviewing and confirmation administrations. So as to keep up the most significant level of value, the inspector ought to survey the hazard material of misquotes, which incorporates the natural hazard, at the records balance level (Puncel, 2007). The danger of material misquote at the record balance level is tied in with affirming that the record adjusts appeared in the budget summaries are valid and right. Along these lines, the inspector is required to check different attestations in regard of the record adjusts and classes of exchanges. Such affirmations are presence, event, fulfillment, and arrangements of the exchanges and record adjusts. In confirming these statements, the inspector should pay due see to different hazard factors as talked about beneath: Multifaceted nature of Transactions The reviewer may watch the money related exchanges somewhat complex in the unique nature business elements when contrasted with the typical business elements. In the quick creating business condition, it is conceivable that a substance may have the exceptional budgetary game plans making it extremely hard for the examiner to assess their effect on the fiscal reports. Along these lines, the evaluator ought to have due respect to the degree of intricacy of the exchanges (AU Section 312, 2006). The higher the degree of intricacy declared by the evaluator higher will be the appraisal of intrinsic hazard. Bookkeeping System The bookkeeping framework utilized by the substance is likewise a main consideration in evaluating the inborn hazard at the record balance level. In such manner, the evaluator ought to check that whether the element has bookkeeping framework set up that similar with its size and the idea of business. In the event that the bookkeeping framework doesn't similar with the size of the element and nature of its business; the inspector ought to survey the characteristic hazard high (AU Section 312, 2006). Subjectivity Involved in Accounting The bookkeeping exchanges and equalizations that include administrations judgment are progressively inclined to error. The bookkeeping exchanges, for example, assurance of the valuable existence of the depreciable resources and choosing the strategy for devaluation rely on the administrations judgment. The more there is extension for the executives judgment, the more will be the intrinsic hazard surveyed by the inspector (AU Section 312, 2006). Vulnerability of Misappropriation The examiner should cover here the variables, for example, abilities of the staff, cases of circumvention of the experts before, and the general structure of the worry. Considering these all variables if the weakness of misappropriation is higher, the natural hazard ought to be surveyed as high (Johnstone, Gramling, and Rittenberg, 2015). Cut off Transactions The slice off exchanges alludes to the exchanges happening toward the finish of the bookkeeping time frame. The reviewer should focus on the past records and furthermore allude to the past review reports to recognize the volume and the idea of exchange that happened toward the finish of the bookkeeping time frame (Johnstone, Gramling, and Rittenberg, 2015). Appraisal of Going Concern The budget reports of a substance are readied dependent on the crucial bookkeeping supposition of going concern (IAS 570, 2016). The presumption of going concern suggests that the budgetary situation of the organization seems satisfactory and the element won't exchange its benefits sooner rather than later. The administration of the organization needs to expressly express that the budget summaries have been set up based on going concern supposition and the job of the reviewer is to check the fittingness of this announcement of the administration. In checking the fittingness of the administrations explanation the evaluator should consider the huge occasions and exchanges that disable the capacity of the association to proceed as a going concern (IAS 570, 2016). In light of the investigation of the critical occasions and exchanges, the inspector ought to evaluate the danger of going worry as high, low, or medium. The appraisal of the hazard relating to the going concern is vital in drawing review sentiment, in this way, the evaluator ought to keep up proficient doubt while confirming the propriety of the going concern supposition (Dagwell, Wines, and Lambert, 2011). The inspector ought to think about the accompanying occasions or exchanges while confirming the propriety of the going concern presumption: Money related Events The reviewer ought to be alert while confirming a portion of the significant things of the fiscal summaries, for example, total assets, obligation risk, and working incomes. Further, the key budgetary proportions, for example, obligation value proportion and current proportion likewise should be considered by the reviewer. The occasions, for example, negative total assets, negative working incomes, unfriendly obligation value proportion and current proportion builds the danger of going concern (Flood, 2014). Non Financial Further, the non monetary conditions, for example, administrations aim to sell the business activities in th

Government Business Relations for Immigration- myassignmenthelp

Question: Talk about theGovernment Business Relations for Immigration. Answer: Outline of the Article This article is about the Australian qualities sway on the day by day life of the individuals and the transients who are getting ready to become naturalized Australian resident. According to the Australian government, the transients must acknowledge the countries incentive to secure national character, accomplish digestion and keep up social solidarity among the individuals. Vagrants who need to turn into the resident of the Australia need to finish the assessment for the Citizenship of the Australia. This is a modernized test which comprises of three inquiries dependent on Australian guiding principle. Different nations like the United Kingdom, USA, and Canada have additionally presented the citizenship test for the individuals who need to turn into the resident of that nation. However, Australia government makes a stride and dispatch the announcement of the Australian qualities, which is an official revelation that the individuals who are going to remain in the nation for a drawn o ut requirements to sign before they get the consent to enter the nation. This progression of the administration advocated their intention to secure their nearby and national character and dealing with social solidarity from the developing and the negative effect of globalization. In the Australian setting the Howard government accepts that Australian citizenship test will be useful to deliver the correct sort of Australian resident according to the historical backdrop of Australia. PM Malcolm Fraser made the main open verbalization of national worth 30 years before in his debut discourse of multiculturalism. After the presentation of this numerous other, government endeavors to control these qualities by forcing information to the residents with respect to national qualities. There are a few qualities which residents need to receive and some of them resemble Regard for the equivalent worth, pride and opportunity of the Australian individuals. The people are allowed to talk Liberated from the religion and Secular government Continuously bolster the standard of law just as the majority rules system of the Parliament. The Law is equivalent for all People are equivalent in the Australian culture Common regard, resistance and sympathy for the destitute individuals Serenity Equivalent open doors for all There are 10 qualities that formally characterized as Australian qualities. Individuals who need to turn into the resident of the nation they all worth these qualities and they additionally expressed that they don't know about these qualities before this citizenship test has been presented. Vagrants accept that all the qualities are acceptable qualities and they regard and bolstered these qualities. There is one progressively significant point advanced by the legislature during this worth discussion that, these qualities ought to advance a feeling of affection and fellowship among transients and Australian people group (Australian Government, 2007). The transients acknowledge the Australian qualities, and yet they additionally not dismiss their own qualities. They continually develop those qualities since they realize that the Australian qualities are the blend of numerous societies like European, British and Christian. In any case, this article revealed that the workers need to embr ace secure and safe way of life to turn into the piece of the network of the Australia. Ideas in the Article This entire article spins around the Australian qualities and the citizenship test which vagrants need to provide for become the resident of the nation. There are 10 qualities which are clarified in this article. But these qualities, the article likewise clarifies about the idea of the Re-Racializng. Idea of Re-Racializing: This article shows the idea of the re-racialization of the migrants and citizenship approaches that reviews about the trial of correspondence which are not unreasonably much well known. These tests are qualified for non white foreigners who are barred to go into the Australia. The reintroduction of these transcription tests has the primary target is to keep up the white populace the Australia (Turner, 1979). This is a restricted idea of expelling the non British individuals from the Australia. Moving further to the laws and related standards for the trial of the applicants, the course should have the honest and unquestionable qualities uncovers that the Australia is prevailing nation and it has the individuals of all foundations, for example, British, Irish, European, and so forth. Every one of these individuals are living in the prevailing society design by receiving all the estimations of the Australia. As indicated by the laws, the indigenous individuals ar e excluded to follow the qualities so as to turn into the resident of the Australia. These individuals were just remembered for the historical backdrop of the Australia, however not in right now. In any case, this is obvious to the migrants that the indigenous were not the piece of the national estimation of the Australians which endorsed for the combination of the foreigners. Nonetheless, unmistakably, White, European and Christian qualities were basically perceived as a significant component of the Australian character. The vagrants acknowledge the Australian qualities, and yet they additionally not dismiss their own qualities. They continually develop those qualities since they realize that the Australian qualities are the blend of numerous societies like European, British and Christian. Racial contrast can mean by the vagrants and exiles through the system of the Australian estimations of the Christian, British so as to comprehend its consequences for the way of life as well. Racial individuals are not the same as the others in the conditions of the physical or the psychological attributes. These racial gatherings are socially characterized, however that definition is based on the physical models. The idea of the racialization is characterized as the social procedure that placing a portion of the individuals in a gathering for the specific treatment based on the physical attributes. In any case, this article reasons that he Migrants who need to turn into the resident of the Australia need to breeze through the Australian citizenship assessment. This is a mechanized test which comprises of three inquiries dependent on Australian fundamental beliefs (Commonwealth of Australia, 2017). Speculations in the Article This article portrays the Social personality speculations which are further having three subjective procedures These procedures are the piece of the in gathering and out gathering. To turn into the resident of the Australia, the individuals in the general public separated in the three unique classifications only for the distinguishing proof of the individuals from the various foundations. Social classification: This is the way toward partitioning the individuals into gatherings or either choose to which bunch they individuals are having a place. There is no need of the contention between the gatherings. Social Identification: This piece of the hypothesis recognizes the standards and the mentalities of the individuals to investigate that they are perfect with the way of life and estimations of the general public just as they can without much of a stretch alter with the individuals of the various foundations or not (Department of Immigration, 2016). Social Comparison: This piece of the social personality looks at the two changed gatherings in gathering and out gathering. The examination occurred based on the conduct of the gathering of individuals towards society of Australia that comprises of the various individuals of British, Christian, European. Social hypothesis: The article additionally gives some impression of the conduct hypothesis as the vagrants citizenship in the Australia is exceptionally reliant on their conduct, standards and perspectives. The conduct of the vagrants ought to be serene, middle of the road, faithful for the laws and rules, acknowledgment for the new culture and qualities, and so on. The individuals or the vagrants are allowed to discourse, allowed to adhere to the guidelines, allowed to affiliation and openings. There is one increasingly significant point advanced by the administration during this worth discussion that, these qualities ought to advance a feeling of affection and fellowship among transients and Australian people group. Vagrant doesn't dismiss their own social foundation by uncritically tolerating Australian qualities (Chisari, 2015). Opportunity and the individual: The fundamental rule of the social order of the estimations of the Australia was the opportunity of the individual, regard for the poise of the person. This hypothesis or guideline plainly explains that the people who need to turn into the resident of the Australia, are free and need equivalent treatment with full regard and respect. This is the standard that the Australians will dismiss the utilization of the brutality, mortification and terrorizing so as to lessen the contention in the network. Multiculturalism: The article likewise shows the idea of the multiculturalism due to transients are from the diverse culture who need to the citizenship of the Australaia. The multiculturalism is the in addition to point for the general public as the individuals become more acquainted with about the diverse culture and various estimations of different nations (Chisari, 2009). Basic Values and suppositions In this article, there are many key suspicions and qualities are disclosed so as to turn into the piece of the Australian culture. Every one of these presumptions are given by the Australian government for the transients. The qualities and suspicions are likewise made in light of the fact that the Australian government needs to maintain a strategic distance from the contentions in the general public in view of the distinctive social gatherings. A portion of the qualities and presumptions referenced in the article are given beneath: Regard for the equivalent worth, pride and opportunity of the Australian individuals. As indicated by this supposition, the individuals or the vagrants are subject to regard the individuals of the Australia with poise and they are allowed to discourse. The Migrants should deal with these things on account of their diverse culture. In any case, it obviously explains that the people who need to turn into the resident of the Australia, are free and need equivalent treatment with full regard and respect (Eliot, 2009). The people are allowed to talk It is accepted that the individuals or the vagrants have the full option to talk like others. The individuals

How to work Compass

How to work Compass Hey guys, I thought I would write about how to use compass, since I was kind of lost on how to use it my first time.  Compass is  a website where current Illinois students can check their grades, submit assignments, review syllabi, and upload content. When you go to the Compass website, you will see a log in page. To log in, you need to use your university net id and password. After logging in, you will see a page similar to this one: By clicking on the names of your classes you can access the pages your instructors have set up, with other lists of assignments, syllabi, and exam review materials. ** Compass is not compatible with pages.dox or documents submitted from pages. In order for instructors or teaching assistants to have access to your assignments, convert your pages files to PDF files or Word documents. To submit an assignment, you click on the class on the first page and find the name of the assignment and click it. After clicking the assignment, you should see a bar that says “Submit. The only times an assignment won’t show the submit bar is if the assignment was already due. If an assignment is not allowing you to submit an assignment and it isn’t late, you should email your instructor immediately, and try asking other people in the class if they are having the same problem. Thats how compass works. ?? Thanks guys! Indyia Class of 2019 I’m an Art Foundation student in the College of Fine and Applied Arts, and after Art Foundation I plan on majoring in Art Education. With my degree and teaching certificate, I want to teach children how to use their emotions, thoughts, and surroundings to create art.

Different Opinions And Ideas About The Theories Of...

In this class, we have discussed many different opinions and ideas about the theories of personalities. Of these, I have chosen to incorporate ideas from myself, McAdams, Freud, Jung, Adler, and Horney. I believe that there are seven personality types and each is displayed as a personification in a character from the Peanuts cartoons and comics. The personalities are Neuroticism, Openness to Experience and Imagination, Psychoticism, Passive Aggressive Dependency, Histrionicism, Introversion, and Extraversion. These personality types make up the world, and I believe that any single person can actually have several different personalities. It can be noted that three of the Big Five by McAdams are included in my breakdown of†¦show more content†¦Horney came up with a list of ten â€Å"needs† that Neurotic people have. These â€Å"needs† include â€Å"The Neurotic need for affection and approval† which Charlie Brown clearly shows in his worry about how oth ers view him (Hall, Lindzey, Campbell, 1998) ; â€Å"The Neurotic ambition for personal achievement† which is displayed in his over analysis of everything to try and always improve himself for personal achievement(Hall, Lindzey, Campbell, 1998) ; And â€Å"The Neurotic need for perfection and unassailability† which is again shown in his worry over his inadequacies (Hall, Lindzey, Campbell, 1998) . These negative feelings and thoughts toward everyday life lead me to believe that Charlie Brown is a near perfect personification of neuroticism. Openness to Experience and Imagination In the Peanuts comic, Linus is known as Charlie Brown s best friend and he carries around a blanket most of the time. This security blanket helps Linus be open to experiences and imagination. McAdams describes openness to experience as â€Å" a cluster of characteristics having to do with how reflective, imaginative, artistic, and refined a person is† (McAdams, 2009). Linus is one of the most thoughtful, intelligent and inviting of the characters in Peanuts. He listens to others while thoughtfully thinking about what is said, and he keeps his mind wide open to the possibility that he will see things that others may not. For example, Linus is the onlyShow MoreRelatedPersonality Theory And Personality Theories1441 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Personality can be defined in many ways due to the individual and unique aspects of personality, and there is yet to be a definitive answer for what personality is and how it comes into being. Generally personality can be defined as the relatively constant, individual and unique characteristics and traits which present themselves to others in different circumstances. 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Extroverts areRead MoreSigmund Freud And The Theory Of Personality993 Words   |  4 Pages History and Theories In today’s society we all look at each other and judge them by what they look like, instead of getting to know that person. Like they say you should judge a books by its cover. Today people are so quick to judge but what you don’t realize is that if you get to know the person, you well get to know their personality and how they look at things. Speaking of personality there are great theories out there created by some amazing and interesting scientist and doctors. We willRead MoreDonald Super s Life Span Theory1495 Words   |  6 Pagesis a strenuous task. Fortunately, there is a plethora of different interventions, techniques, assessments, and inventories designed to aid those individuals in making the wisest career choices possible. But are any of those routes inherently better than the others? Or are all the differing options separate but equally effective? 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Evaluation Of Sex Education School On Teen Pregnancy...

Research Proposal Evaluation of Sex Education in School on Teen Pregnancy Prevention Megan R. Fitzgerald PSY 290 – Research Methods Gayle Schwark, Ph.D. Arizona State University November 27, 2014 Abstract This study is proposed in order to evaluate the various types of school-based sex education programs and the effect that these specific programs have on teen pregnancy rates. The type of approaches for school-based sex education programs offered to the teenage participants will be peer led, specifically abstinence-based, and adult led. The control group is going to be studied without being offered any of the school based sex education programs. To conduct the study the most effective way possible, a cross-sectional study†¦show more content†¦Once the results of the data have been identified and determined, then the research can conclude the impact of each program and the significance it has on teen pregnancy. Evaluation of Sex Education in School on Teen Pregnancy Prevention: How Sex Education Effects Teen Pregnancy Rates Teen pregnancy prevention is an increasingly controversial and a potentially inconvenient topic of discussion for both teens and their parents alike (Sabia, 2006). As teen pregnancy rates have increased, there has been an increased focus on combatting the underlying causes and reversing their effects (Bennett Assefi, 2005). Teen pregnancy can result in an increased number of children placed in adoptive services, as well as, cause a strain on teenage parents who chose to take on the responsibilities of parenthood at an early age. By researching the effects of various school-based sex education programs on teen birth rates; it would be possible to establish a standardized sex education curriculum to minimize the number of children put into the adoption system and the number of teenagers whose lives are affected by pregnancy (Somers, Johnson, Sawilowsky, 2002). Based on information found in the supportive research for this study, there wa s a positive impact on lowering teen pregnancy rates when peer-instructed sex education programs were introduced into the academic curriculum, though it did also

Theologians Sallie Mc Fague And Thomas Torrance

THEOLOGIANS – SALLIE MC FAGUE AND THOMAS TORRANCE This paper seeks to compare two theologians, one male, one female, one Trinitarian and one mythological, Thomas F. Torrance and Sallie McFague. At the heart of all of Torrance’s theology is the truth of the Trinity. It is foundational to all of his work. For him, the ultimate purpose of theology is knowing God in a personal way that involves both head and heart. He felt we must be faithful to Scripture’s logic. (Torrance, 2008). Torrance was also interested in the interface between theology and science. He considered his method â€Å"depth exegesis, and† attempted to avoid dualism, believing that method was always responsive to content. He organized his approach around three unique features of Scripture: first, that its theological content is only understood within a framework which derives from the biblical text; second, that God speaks through the written document; and finally, that the Bible blends histo rical and abstract information. His was a three-leveled system: (1) corporate experience in receiving the revelation of the God’s reality as recorded in the Bible; (2) what he called the theological level, voicing an understanding of what God is doing; and (3) the higher theological level, experiencing God. According to him, to hear God speak people need to listen to Scripture. While seeking deeper meaning, Christians must also consider literary and historical features. When interpreting, he wanted people to see God in the

Welding and Fillet Welds free essay sample

Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar 3. 3 Welding and welded connections Welding is the process of joining two pieces of metal by creating a strong metallurgical bond between them by heating or pressure or both. It is distinguished from other forms of mechanical connections, such as riveting or bolting, which are formed by friction or mechanical interlocking. It is one of the oldest and reliable methods of joining. Welding offers many advantages over bolting and riveting. Welding enables direct transfer of stress between members eliminating gusset and splice plates necessary for bolted structures. Hence, the weight of the joint is minimum. In the case of tension members, the absence of holes improves the efficiency of the section. It involves less fabrication cost compared to other methods due to handling of fewer parts and elimination of operations like drilling, punching etc. and consequently less labour leading to economy. Welding offers air tight and water tight joining and hence is ideal for oil storage tanks, ships etc. Welded structures also have a neat appearance and enable the connection of complicated shapes. Welded structures are more rigid compared to structures with riveted and bolted connections. A truly continuous structure is formed by the process of fusing the members together. Generally welded joints are as strong or stronger than the base metal, thereby placing no restriction on the joints. Stress concentration effect is also considerably less in a welded connection. Some of the disadvantages of welding are that it requires skilled manpower for welding as well as inspection. Also, non-destructive evaluation may have to be carried out to detect defects in welds. Welding in the field may be difficult due to the location or environment. Welded joints are highly prone to cracking under fatigue loading. Large residual stresses and distortion are developed in welded connections. 3. 3. 1 Fundamentals of welding A welded joint is obtained when two clean surfaces are brought into contact with each other and either pressure or heat, or both are applied to obtain a bond. The tendency of atoms to bond is the fundamental basis of welding. The inter-diffusion Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar between the materials that are joined is the underlying principle in all welding processes. The diffusion may take place in the liquid, solid or mixed state. In welding the metallic materials are joined by the formation of metallic bonds and a perfect connection is formed. In practice however, it is very difficult to achieve a perfect joint; for, real surfaces are never smooth. When welding, contact is established only at a few points in the surface, joins irregular surfaces where atomic bonding occurs. Therefore the strength attained will be only a fraction of the full strength. Also, the irregular surface may not be very clean, being contaminated with adsorbed moisture, oxide film, grease layer etc. In the welding of such surfaces, the contaminants have to be removed for the bonding of the surface atoms to take place. This can be accomplished by applying either heat or pressure. In practical welding, both heat and pressure are applied to get a good joint. As pointed out earlier, any welding process needs some form of energy, often heat, to connect the two materials. The relative amount of heat and pressure required to join two materials may vary considerably between two extreme cases in which either heat or pressure alone is applied. When heat alone is applied to make the joint, pressure is used merely to keep the joining members together. Examples of such a process are Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW), Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), Submerged Arc Welding (SAW) etc. On the other hand pressure alone is used to make the bonding by plastic deformation, examples being cold welding, roll welding, ultrasonic welding etc. There are other welding methods where both pressure and heat are employed, such as resistance welding, friction welding etc. A flame, an arc or resistance to an electric current, produces the required heat. Electric arc is by far the most popular source of heat used in commercial welding practice. 3. 3. 2 Welding process In general, gas and arc welding are employed; but, almost all structural welding is arc welding. Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar In gas welding a mixture of oxygen and some suitable gas is burned at the tip of a torch held in the welder’s hand or by an automatic machine. Acetylene is the gas used in structural welding and the process is called oxyacetylene welding. The flame produced can be used both for cutting and welding of metals. Gas welding is a simple and inexpensive process. But, the process is slow compared to other means of welding. It is generally used for repair and maintenance work. The most common welding processes, especially for structural steel, use electric energy as the heat source produced by the electric arc. IS:816 in this process, the base metal and the welding rod are heated to the fusion temperature by an electric arc. The arc is a continuous spark formed when a large current at a low voltage is discharged between the electrode and the base metal through a thermally ionised gaseous column, called plasma. The resistance of the air or gas between the electrode and the objects being welded changes the electric energy into heat. A temperature of 33000 C to 55000 C is produced in the arc. The welding rod is connected to one terminal of the current source and the object to be welded to the other. In arc welding, fusion takes place by the flow of material from the welding rod across the arc without pressure being applied. The Shielded Metal Arc Welding process is explained in the following paragraph. In Shielded Metal Arc Welding or SMAW (Fig. 3. 12), heating is done by means of electric arc between a coated electrode and the material being joined. In case bare wire electrode (without coating) is employed, the molten metal gets exposed to atmosphere and combines chemically with oxygen and nitrogen forming defective welds. The electrode coating on the welding rod forms a gaseous shield that helps to exclude oxygen and stabilise the arc. The coated electrode also deposits a slag in the molten metal, which because of its lesser density compared to the base metal, floats on the surface of the molten metal pool, shields it from atmosphere, and slows cooling. After cooling, the slag can be easily removed by hammering and wire brushing. Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar The coating on the electrode thus: shields the arc from atmosphere; coats the molten metal pool against oxidation; stabilises the arc; shapes the molten metal by surface tension and provides alloying element to weld metal. Fig. 3. 12 Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process Fig. 3. 12 Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) process The type of welding electrode used would decide the weld properties such as strength, ductility and corrosion resistance. The type to be used for a particular job depends upon the type of metal being welded, the amount of material to be added and the position of the work. The two general classes of electrodes are lightly coated and heavily coated. The heavily coated electrodes are normally used in structural welding. The resulting welds are stronger, more corrosion resistant and more ductile compared to welds produced by lightly coated electrodes. Usually the SMAW process is either automatic or semi-automatic. The term weldability is defined as the ability to obtain economic welds, which are good, crack-free and would meet all the requirements. Of great importance are the chemistry and the structure of the base metal and the weld metal. The effects of heating and cooling associated with fusion welding are experienced by the weld metal and the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) of the base metal. The cracks in HAZ are mainly caused by high carbon content, hydrogen enbrittlement and rate of cooling. For most steels, weld cracks become a problem as the thickness of the plates increases. Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar 3. 3. 3 Types of joints and welds By means of welding, it is possible to make continuous, load bearing joints between the members of a structure. A variety of joints is used in structural steel work and they can be classified into four basic configurations namely, Lap joint, Tee joint, Butt joint and Corner joint. For lap joints, the ends of two members are overlapped and for butt joints, the two members are placed end to end. The T- joints form a Tee and in Corner joints, the ends are joined like the letter L. Most common joints are made up of fillet weld or the butt (also calling groove) weld. Plug and slot welds are not generally used in structural steel work. Fig. . 14 Fillet welds are suitable for lap joints and Tee joints and groove welds for butt and corner joints. Butt welds can be of complete penetration or incomplete penetration depending upon whether the penetration is complete through the thickness or partial. Generally a description of welded joints requires an indication of the type of both the joint an d the weld. Though fillet welds are weaker than butt welds, about 80% of the connections are made with fillet welds. The reason for the wider use of fillet welds is that in the case of fillet welds, when members are lapped over each other, large tolerances are allowed in erection. For butt welds, the members to be connected have to fit perfectly when they are lined up for welding. Further butt welding requires the shaping of the surfaces to be joined as shown in Fig. 3. 15. To ensure full penetration and a sound weld, a backup plate is temporarily provided as shown in Fig. 3. 15 Butt welds: Full penetration butt welds are formed when the parts are connected together within the thickness of the parent metal. For thin parts, it is possible to achieve full penetration of the weld. For thicker parts, edge preparation may have to be done to achieve the welding. There are nine different types of butt joints: square, single V, Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar double V, single U, double U, single J, double J, single bevel and double bevel. They are shown in Fig. 3. 13 In order to qualify for a full penetration weld; there are certain conditions to be satisfied while making the welds. Welds are also classified according to their position into flat, horizontal, vertical and overhead. Flat welds are the most economical to make while overhead welds are the most difficult and expensive. Fig. 3. 13 Different types of butt welds The main use of butt welds is to connect structural members, which are in the same plane. A few of the many different butt welds are shown in Fig. 3. 16. There are many variations of butt welds and each is classified according to its particular shape. Each type of butt weld requires a specific edge preparation and is named accordingly. The proper selection of a particular type depends upon: Size of the plate to be joined; welding is by hand or automatic; type of welding equipment, whether both sides are accessible and the position of the weld. Butt welds have high strength, high resistance to impact and cyclic stress. They are most direct joints and introduce least eccentricity in the joint. But their major disadvantages are: high residual stresses, necessity of edge preparation and proper aligning of the members in the field. Therefore, field butt joints are rarely used. Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar Fig. 3. 14 Common types of welds Fig. 3. 15 Shaping of surface and backup plate Fig. 3. 6 Typical connections with butt weld To minimise weld distortions and residual stresses, the heat input is minimised and hence the welding volume is minimised. This reduction in the volume of weld also Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar reduces cost. Hence for thicker plates, double Butt welds and U welds are generally used. For a butt weld, the root gap, R, is the sepa ration of the pieces being joined and is provided for the electrode to access the base of a joint. The smaller the root gap the greater the angle of the bevel. The depth by which the arc melts into the plate is called the depth of penetration [Fig. 3. 17 (a)]. Roughly, the penetration is about 1 mm per 100A and in manual welding the current is usually 150 – 200 A. Therefore, the mating edges of the plates must be cut back if through-thickness continuity is to be established. This groove is filled with the molten metal from the electrode. The first run that is deposited in the bottom of a groove is termed as the root run [Fig. 3. 176 (c)]. For good penetration, the root faces must be melted. Simultaneously, the weld pool also must be controlled, preferably, by using a backing strip. Fig. 3. 17 Butt weld details Fillet welds: Owing to their economy, ease of fabrication and adaptability, fillet welds are widely used. They require less precision in the fitting up because the plates being joined can be moved about more than the Butt welds. Another advantage of fillet welds is that special preparation of edges, as required by Butt welds, is not required. In a fillet weld the stress condition in the weld is quite different from that of the connected parts. A typical fillet weld is shown in Fig. 3. 18 Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar Fig. 3. 18 Typical fillet weld The root of the weld is the point where the faces of the metallic members meet. The theoretical throat of a weld is the shortest distance from the root to the hypotenuse of the triangle. The throat area equals the theoretical throat distance times the length of the weld. The concave shape of free surface provides a smoother transition between the connected parts and hence causes less stress concentration than a convex surface. But it is more vulnerable to shrinkage and cracking than the convex surface and has a much reduced throat area to transfer stresses. On the other hand, convex shapes provide extra weld metal or reinforcement for the throat. For statically loaded structures, a slightly convex shape is preferable, while for fatigue – prone structures, concave surface is desirable. Large welds are invariably made up of a number of layers or passes. For reasons of economy, it is desirable to choose weld sizes that can be made in a single pass. Large welds scan be made in a single pass by an automatic machine, though manually, 8 mm fillet is the largest single-pass layer. Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar 3. 3. 4 Weld symbols The information concerning type, size, position, welding process etc. of the welds in welded joints is conveyed by standard symbols in drawings. The symbolic representation includes elementary symbols along with a) supplementary symbol, b) a means of showing dimensions, or c) some complementary indications. IS: 813 â€Å"Scheme of Symbols for Welding† gives all the details of weld representation in drawings. Elementary symbols represent the various categories of the weld and look similar to the shape of the weld to be made. Combination of elementary symbols may also be used, when required. Elementary symbols are shown in Table 3. 2. Table 3. 2 Elementary symbols Illustration (Fig) Symbol Description Butt weld between plates with raised edges*(the raised edges being melted down completely) Square butt weld Single-V butt weld Single-bevel butt weld Single – V butt weld with broad root face Single – bevel butt weld with broad root face Single – U butt weld (parallel or sloping sides) Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar Single – J butt joint Backing run; back or backing weld Fillet weld Plug weld; plug or slot weld Spot weld Seam weld Supplementary symbols characterise the external surface of the weld and they complete the elementary symbols. Supplementary symbols are shown in Table 3. 3. The weld locations are defined by specifying, a) position of the arrow line, b) position of the reference line, and c) the position of the symbol. More details of weld representation may be obtained from IS 813. Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar Table 3. 3. Supplementary symbols Flat (flush) single – V butt weld Convex double – V butt weld Concave fillet weld Flat (flush) single – V butt with flat (flush) backing run Position of symbols in drawings: Apart from the symbols as covered earlier, the methods of representation (Fig. 3. 19) also include the following:  · An arrow line for each joint . A dual reference line, consisting of two parallel lines, one continuous and the other dashed. . A certain number of dimensions and conventional signs The location of welds is classified on the drawings by specifying: Position of the arrow line, position of the reference line and the position of the symbol Fig. 3. 19 Method of representation Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar The position of arrow line with respect to the weld has no special significance. The arrow line joins one end of the continuous reference line such that it forms an angle with it and shall be completed by an arrowhead or a dot. The reference line is a straight line drawn parallel to the bottom edge of the drawing. The symbol is placed either above or beneath the reference line. The symbol is placed on the continuous side of the reference line if the weld is on the other side of the joint; the symbol is placed on the dashed line side 3. 3. 5 Design of welds Design of butt welds: For butt welds the most critical form of loading is tension applied in the transverse direction. It has been observed from tests conducted on tensile coupons containing a full penetration butt weld normal to the applied load that the welded joint had higher strength than the parent metal itself. The yield stress of the weld metal and the parent metal in the HAZ region was found to be much higher than the parent metal. The butt weld is normally designed for direct tension or compression. However, a provision is made to protect it from shear. Design strength value is often taken the same as the parent metal strength. For design purposes, the effective area of the butt-welded connection is taken as the effective length of the weld times the throat size. Effective length of the butt weld is taken as the length of the continuous full size weld. The throat size is specified by the effective throat thickness. For a full penetration butt weld, the throat dimension is usually assumed as the thickness of the thinner part of the connection. Even though a butt weld may be reinforced on both sides to ensure full cross-sectional areas, its effect is neglected while estimating the throat dimensions. Such reinforcements often have a negative effect, producing stress concentration, especially under cyclic loads. Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar Unsealed butt welds of V, U, J and bevel types and incomplete penetration butt welds should not be used for highly stressed joints and joints subjected to dynamic and alternating loads. Intermittent butt welds are used to resist shear only and the effective length should not be less than four times the longitudinal space between the effective length of welds nor more han 16 times the thinner part. They are not to be used in locations subjected to dynamic or alternating stresses. Some modern codes do not allow intermittent welds in bridge structures. For butt welding parts with unequal cross sections, say unequal width, or thickness, the dimensions of the wider or thicker part should be reduced at the butt joint to those of the smaller part. This is applica ble in cases where the difference in thickness exceeds 25 % of the thickness of the thinner part or 3. 0 mm, whichever is greater. The slope provided at the joint for the thicker part should not be steeper than one in five [Figs. . 20 (a) (b)]. In instances, where this is not practicable, the weld metal is built up at the junction equal to a thickness which is at least 25 % greater than the thinner part or equal to the dimension of the thicker part [Fig. 3. 20 (c)]. Where reduction of the wider part is not possible, the ends of the weld shall be returned to ensure full throat thickness. Stresses for butt welds are assumed same as for the parent metal with a thickness equal to the throat thickness (Cl. 10. 5. 7. 1). For field welds, the permissible stresses in shear and tension calculated using a partial factor ? mw of 1. 5. (Cl. 0. 5. 7. 2) Design of fillet welds: Fillet welds are broadly classified into side fillets and end fillets (Fig. 3. 21). When a connection with end fillet i s loaded in tension, the weld develops high strength and the stress developed in the weld is equal to the value of the weld metal. But the ductility is minimal. On the other hand, when a specimen with side weld is loaded, the load axis is parallel to the weld axis. The weld is subjected to shear and the weld shear strength is limited to just about half the weld metal tensile strength. But ductility is considerably Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar improved. For intermediate weld positions, the value of strength and ductility show intermediate values. Fig. 3. 20 Butt welding of members with (a) (b) unequal thickness (c) unequal width In many cases, it is possible to use the simplified approach of average stresses in the weld throat (Fig. 3. 22). In order to apply this method, it is important to establish equilibrium with the applied load. Studies conducted on fillet welds have shown that the fillet weld shape is very important for end fillet welds. For equal leg lengths, making the direction of applied tension nearly parallel to the throat leads to a large reduction in strength. The optimum weld shape recommended is to provide shear leg ? 3 times the tension leg. A small variation in the side fillet connections has negligible effect on strength. In general, fillet welds are stronger in compression than in tension. Fig. 3. 21 Fillet (a) side welds and (b) end welds Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar Fig. 3. 2 Average stress in the weld throat A simple approach to design is to assume uniform fillet weld strength in all directions and to specify a certain throat stress value. The average throat thickness is obtained by dividing the applied loads summed up in vectorial form per unit length by the throat size. This method is limited in usage to cases of pure shear, tension or compression (Fig. 3. 23). It cannot be used in cases where the load vector direction varies around weld group. For the simple method, the stress is taken as the vector sum of the force components acting in the weld divided by the throat area. Fig. . 23 (a) connections with simple weld design, (b) connections with Direction- dependent weld design Stresses Due to Individual forces When subjected to either compressive or tensile or shear force alone, the stress in the weld is given by: Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar fa or q = Where P t t lw fa = calculated normal stress due to axial force in N/mm2 q = shear stress in N/mm2 P = force transmitted (axial force N or the shear force Q) tt = effective throat thickness of weld in mm lw= effective length of weld in mm Fig. 3. 4 End fillet weld normal to direction of force The design strength of a fillet weld, fwd, shall be based on its throat area (Cl. 10. 5. 7). fwd = fwn / ? mw in which fwn = f u / 3 Where fu = smaller of the u ltimate stress of the weld and the parent metal and ?mw = partial safety factor (=1. 25 for shop welds and = 1. 5 for field welds) The design strength shall be reduced appropriately for long joints as prescribed in the code. The size of a normal fillet should be taken as the minimum leg size (Fig. 3. 25) Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar Fig. 3. 5 Sizes of fillet welds For a deep penetration weld, the depth of penetration should be a minimum of 2. 4 mm. Then the size of the weld is minimum leg length plus 2. 4 mm. The size of a fillet weld should not be less than 3 mm or more than the thickness of the thinner part joined. Minimum size requirement of fillet welds is given below in Table 3. 4 (Cl. 10. 5. 2. 3). Effective throat thickness should not be less than 3 mm and should not exceed 0. 7 t and 1. 0 t under special circumstances, where’t’ is the thickness of thinner part. Table 3. 4 Minimum size of first run or of a single run fillet weld Thickness of thicker part (mm) t ? 0 10 t ? 20 20 t ? 32 32 t ? 50 Minimum size (mm) 3 5 6 8 (First run)10 (Minimum size of fillet) For stress calculations, the effective throat thickness should be taken as K times fillet size, where K is a constant. Values of K for different angles between tension fusion faces are given in Table 3. 5 (Cl. 10. 5. 3. 2). Fillet welds are normally used for connecting parts whose fusion faces form angles between 60 ° and 120 °. The actual length is taken as the length having the effective length plus twice the weld size. Minimum effective length should not be less than four times the weld size. When a fillet weld is provided to square edge of a part, the weld size should be at least 1. 5 mm less than the edge Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar thickness [Fig. 3. 26 (a)]. For the rounded toe of a rolled section, the weld size should not exceed 3/4 thickness of the section at the toe [Fig. 3. 26 (b)] (Cl. 10. 5. 8. 1). Fig. 3. 26 (a) Fillet welds on square edge of plate, (b) Fillet Welds on round toe of rolled section Table 3. 5. Value of K for different angles between fusion faces Angle between fusion faces Constant K 60 ° 90 ° 0. 0 91 °-100 ° 0. 65 101 °-106 ° 0. 60 107 °-113 ° 0. 55 114 °-120 ° 0. 50 Intermittent fillet welds may be provided where the strength required is less than that can be developed by a continuous fillet weld of the smallest allowable size for the parts joined. The length of intermediate welds should not be less than 4 times the weld size with a mi nimum of 40 mm. The clear spacing between the effective lengths of the intermittent welds should be less than or equal to 12 times the thickness of the thinner member in compression and 16 times in tension; in no case the length should exceed 20 cm. Chain intermittent welding is better than staggered intermittent welding. Intermittent fillet welds are not used in main members exposed to weather. For lap joints, the overlap should not be less than five times the thickness of the thinner part. For fillet welds to be used in slots and holes, the dimension of the slot or hole should comply with the following limits: a) The width or diameter should not be less than three times the thickness or 25 mm whichever is greater b) Corners at the enclosed ends or slots should be rounded with a radius not less than 1. times the thickness or 12 mm whichever is greater, and Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar c) The distance between the edge of the part and the edge of the slot or hole, or between adjacent slots or holes, should be not less than twice the thickness and not less than 25 mm for the holes. Fig. 3. 27 End returns for side welds The effective area of a plug weld is assumed as the nominal area of the whole in the plane of the faying surface. Plug welds are not designed to carry stresses. If two or more of the general types of weld (butt, fillet, plug or slots) are combined in a single joint, the effective capacity of each has to be calculated separately with reference to the axis of the group to determine the capacity of the welds. The high stress concentration at ends of welds is minimised by providing welds around the ends as shown in Fig. 3. 27. These are called end returns. Most designers neglect end returns in the effective length calculation of the weld. End returns are invariably provided for welded joints that are subject to eccentricity, impact or stress reversals. The end returns are provided for a distance not less than twice the size of the weld. Design of plug and slot welds: In certain instances, the lengths available for the normal longitudinal fillet welds may not be sufficient to resist the loads. In such a situation, the required strength may be built up by welding along the back of the channel at the edge of the plate if sufficient space is available. This is shown in Fig. . 28 (a). Another way of developing the required strength is by providing slot or plug welds. Slot and plug welds [Fig. 3. 28 (b)] are generally used along with fillet welds in lap joints. On certain occasions, plug welds are used to fill the holes that are temporarily made for erection bolts for beam and Indian Institute of Technology Madras Design of Steel Structures Prof. S. R. Satish Kumar and Prof. A. R. Santha Kumar column connections. However, t heir strength may not be considered in the overall strength of the joint. The limitations given in specifications for the maximum sizes of plug and slot welds are necessary to avoid large shrinkage, which might be caused around these welds when they exceed the specified sizes. The strength of a plug or slot weld is calculated by considering the allowable stress and its nominal area in the shearing plane. This area is usually referred to as the faying surface and is equal to the area of contact at the base of the slot or plug. The length of the slot weld can be obtained from the following relationship: Load ( Width ) allowable stress L= (3. 15) Fig. 3. 28 Slot and plug welds Indian Institute of Technology Madras

An Apple for the Teacher

An Apple for the Teacher The tradition of putting an apple on teacher’s desk was allegedly started by a grade-school student who polished a red apple and placed it on teacher’s desk just before the class start. The â€Å"apple polisher’s† intention was to ask for a better grade or bribe the teacher with a bright and shiny red apple. REMEMBERING OUR FIRST STAGE OF EDUCATION Apple as a Symbol of Teaching in Different Countries The apple has been the symbol of teaching for many years but used differently some parts of the world. For instance, seems so different from the original apple polisher’s intention, students in Europe who cannot afford school fees traditionally bring an apple for the teacher as acceptable payment in kind. In Nashville, Tennessee, U.S, a crystal apple award is given to a teacher â€Å"who made a difference†. Moreover, the apple according to literature represents the happy relationship between teachers, students, and their families and from a teacher’s perspective, an apple on their desk is an appreciation of their hard work and a gift from people who like and see them as noble professionals. Teaching is the most demanding of all profession but according to a teacher with more than thirty years in service, teaching is the most rewarding and noble profession of all. For one thing, teachers help younger generation survive the challenges of present and future by transferring their knowledge and skills. The reward on the other hand such as simple a bear hug from students, an apple on the desk, a birthday card with a note, and so on is far greater than the demands. Teaching Is the Noblest Profession of All Teaching is a profession that is conceptually and ideally noble. Compared to another profession, teaching has a multitude of dimensions and it is considered to be the only profession that requires becoming a qualified practitioner.  For instance, teachers must undertake sound professional training before they can teach, undergo induction training at work and update their knowledge and skills through continuous education. Moreover, teachers are mostly engaged in human development activities. Qualified teachers normally mastered the knowledge of the subject, the pedagogy, teaching techniques, dedicated to students’ learning and betterment of our society. The professional and cultural dimensions of teaching made it an even  more difficult profession. However, the most inspiring justification for being an exceptional and noblest profession is the reality that monetary consideration in teaching is often secondary. One of its primary principles is selflessness and required by the code of ethics to maintain dignity and avoid controversies in and out of school. In fact, aside from maintaining a high standard of personal appearance, a teacher’s own life should reflect dignity in education, act as people with superior educational skills, blameless, obedient, and neutral to any social, economic, and political issues. Despite enormous demands and pressure, teaching is a poorly paid profession, teachers do not usually have similar public respect that other professionals enjoy, considered professional but not autonomous at the workplace, they normally need to work in the evenings and on weekends, perform enormous clerical activities, and in most occasion dealing with poor working condition. JUNK FOOD IN SCHOOL

was hitler a legal dictator during after his rise in 1933 essays

was hitler a legal dictator during after his rise in 1933 essays THE YEAR 1933 SAW HITLER RISE IRRESSISTABLY FROM LEGAL CHANCELLOR TO LEGAL DICTATOR. HOW VALID IS THIS ASSESSMENT OF THE NATURE AND THE EXTENT OF THE NAZI CONSOLIDATION OF POWER DURING 1933? In recent years many historians have come to the conclusion that during the year of 1933 Hitler was able to move from a chancellor of Germany to its dictator. A dictator is defined as a ruler who is not bound by constitution or laws. A dictator can also be a person who behaves in a tyrannical manner. So was this the position that Hitler found himself in at the end of 1933. Was he bound by a constitution or laws and did he behave in a tyrannical manner. Through looking and analyzing the key events of this year we will be able to answer this question. At the beginning of 1933 Hitler found himself in a very promising position. When Hitlers conservative supporters including Franz Von Papen allowed Hitler to become chancellor on the 30th January 1933 they did it because they felt they could control him. Papen himself was minister president of Prussia ultimately having control over the police as well as the civil service. He felt that by obtaining this position he would be able to stop Hitler from gaining any extra power. Papen explained within two months we will have pushed Hitler so far into a corner that hell squeak. However Hitler himself already began to get the upper hand by convincing the conservatives to allow him to hold an election. Now in charge of government agencies this would naturally help the Nazis come to power. At this time talks about creating an authoritarian government were being held with the army. Hitler wanted Germany eradicated of Marxism and the cancer of democracy. Confidence within the nazi party at this time was high and Goebbels himself had promised once we have power we will never surrender it unless we are carried out of are offices as corpses. Control ...

Employee Engagement On The Scope Of Future Career Growth Of Employees Dissertation

Employee Engagement On The Scope Of Future Career Growth Of Employees - Dissertation Example In the words of Collings & Wood (2009), the most hyped topics in the context of international human resource management are ensuring employee commitment and engagement. Considering the current business environment, the internal management process of firms is being aligned with the strategic mission and vision of the firms for ensuring an appropriately directed performance. Scholars such as Dyne & Pierce and Konrad (2009) have questioned the authenticity of the organizations in the context of providing the scope of growth for their employee base. Carrying forward a similar concern Bakker & Leiter mentioned that employee engagement and job satisfaction does not go hand-in-hand. Focusing on these arguments and the evaluation of the practical work conditions and processes, the research will focus on analyzing the influence of employee engagement on their career growth opportunities with the help of a mixed methodology. Human resource management processes have transformed along with the changes in the requirements of the business firms and the increase of complexities in business management. Saks noted that methods such as downsizing are commonly used by the firm in order to reduce their operational expenses and at the same time maintain their competence in their respective industries. In this context, Green & Medlin observed that employee engagement concepts being followed in business are mostly implemented with the help of reward structures which can be considered as short-term obligations from the end of the organizations.

Indonesia Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Indonesia - Term Paper Example In addition, the Gross National savings of Indonesia as estimated in the year 2014 stands at 30.2% of GDP. Relevant to consumption of GDP, household and government consumption stands at 56.2 % and 9 % respectively. Investment in fixed capital and exports of goods and services take 33.6% and 23.5 % of GDP respectively. Moreover, the agricultural, industrial and service sectors claim 14.2 %, 45.5% and 40.3% of the GDP (Central Intelligence Agency, 2015). The labor force of Indonesia stands at 124.3 million according to the recent records. The industrial production growth rate is 4.9 %. The population below poverty line stands at 11.7 %. The unemployment rate is at 5.7 % according to the latest statistics and the Gini index stands at 36.8 as recorded in 2009. According to the budget of Indonesia, the revenues and expenditures stand at $134.7 billion and $155.2 billion respectively (Central Intelligence Agency, 2015). Taxes and other revenues account for 15.7% and the public debt stands at 23.9% of the GDP. The inflation rate was estimated at 6.3% in the year 2014. The prime lending rate of the commercial bank was estimated at 12.4 % in December 2014. According to the recent records, the imports and exports of Indonesia stand at $166.7 billion and $ 179.4 billion respectively. The major indicators of social infrastructure in Indonesia may comprise of the life expectancy, infant mortality as well as literacy levels among others. In Indonesia, the population growth rate is estimated at 0.95 % according to the 2014 statistics. The birth rate was estimated at 17.04 births per 1000 population in 2014. Death rate was estimated at 6.34 deaths per 1000 population. The infant mortality rate stands at 25.16 deaths per 1000 and the maternal mortality rate was estimated at 220 deaths per 1000 live births. The life expectancy stands at 72.17 years for all populations. From the latest commercial guide of Indonesia, there are

Water Pumping System For Rural Applicatio Engineering Essay

Water Pumping System For Rural Applicatio Engineering Essay Water accessibility is more significant in present days .U.N i.e.[united nation ] estimate it will take nearly further than $90 billion in order to meet the current world deficits for clean water alone in 1980s Decade for water moving forward in 1990s it was clear that even with huge amount of money needs of water of tens of millions of citizens will not be meet by the end of Decade . although problems in delivering water has identified for so many years . reasonable and easiest way is to divert rainfall i.e. water due to rain by a gravity flow structure to the required site this process is not available in the world at least not on a regular or request basis . which is not achievable . General process for many years .manual pumping is been used even though this pump need regular maintenance and it should be attended. Their use is crucial to supply water. Throughout the world particularly for human consumption . This process is been selected by the U.N as the primary process in order to improve the supply of water. Pumping water from deep wells or moving water in large volume is not done very effectively by hand pump. It requires the use of mechanical powered pump .which is powered by engines or electric motor .powered engine systems are supplying water to big communities all over the world. Infrastructure of these big communities can supply fuel and maintenance required by the engine. Solar powered system or process is also available in large amount in the world. Which is powered by P.V i.e.[photovoltaic ] array or by wind generators . Photovoltaic system has established high reliability and lesser price as compare to another method in a huge ground of application. This report is about photovoltaic power pumping system in which it includes its installation including its simplicity of procurement and the required maintenance. Which explain about their rising reputation it is useful for intermediate application for agriculture requirement and in small villages. This report gives a methodology in choosing the finest system design for a particular purpose regularly a mixture of techniques can significantly reduce price and advance the dependability of a pumping system or make available of a flexible design in order to face a large range of application. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SOLAR POWER Advantages The use of photovoltaic in solar systems accounts for long life expectancy of the system (more than 20 years). Solar facilities operated with little maintenance or intervention after initial setup. Solar power is pollution free. Solar electric generation is economically competitive where grid connection or fuel transportation is difficult, costly or impossible e.g satellites, remote locations, ocean vessels etc. Disadvantages P.V cells produce d.c which must be converted to A.C before using with A.C appliances To get enough energy for applications, a larger number of P.V cells are needed. This increases the cost. Solar cells are expensive, and require a large initial capital when purchasing. Two typical ways of using solar water pump are as follow: Using a battery by charging it with solar photovoltaic panel and with the help of that pump running the pump. Direct connecting between pump and the solar photovoltaic panel. Both this method also have their drawbacks which are as follow: Making use of batteries by charging it by solar pump and than using it to run the pump that mean we have to use two batteries while one is running at that time other one will be charging which makes it more costly. If we are connecting solar panel directly to the pump than the water will be pump only during the sun glowing. Introduction: The aim of this study work is to construct a solar based DC water pump which would be used in rural and isolated zones. There are ample amount of villages and towns who do not have the privilege of possessing electric current supplies in their respective areas. By taking a look at the current scenario of our present economic choric. The solar water pumping system would be a benefited boon to the people. It not only saves the electricity but also in turn saves the wealth i.e. the capital. It is only easily available in the market but can be constructed as well. The development of the human kind has derived n number of methods of developing a water pump. The different sources of power used by people as a form of energy are as follow: Human energy [man power]. Animal power [cows, ox to pull out water]. Hydro power [at water dames and water bund]. Wind power [solar water heater, solar cooker, etc]. Fuels such as diesel for small generator. The most common pumps used in the rural and isolated communities are hand pumps, borehole pump which are driven by fuel such as diesel, electric submersible pumps which are run by diesel generator last but not the least solar pump Following are the different types of pumps with their advantages and disadvantages Advantage Disadvantage Hand pump Can be easily manufactured locally Easy maintenance Less capital cost Fuel cost zero Trouncing of human efficiency Repeated and unproductive use of borehole Flow rates are minimal Animal power Prevailing than humans Subordinate remuneration than human power Dung used as cooking fuel Constant food requirement to be met for animal Regularly abstracted to other actions at critical irrigation periods Hydraulic pump No supervision required Fuel cost zero Effortless to preserve Stumpy expenditure Long life Lofty consistency Involve precise location settings Low output Wind pump No fuel required Easily manufactured locally Long life No supervision required Effortless to preserve Water has to be stored due to the scarcity of wind High project planning and system design needed Difficult to install Solar P.V Zero fuel cost Long life [20 years approx] Easily manufacture locally Minimum maintenance Can be easily installed No supervision required Water has to be cloudy stored for cloudy period Often undergoes repairing [skilled technicians required] Diesel gasoline pump Easily installed Minimal capital cost Used worldwide It is portable Fuel is expansive High maintenance Short life Result in noise fume pollution Aim: Is to construct a solar water pump constituting P.V array .which would convert solar energy in to electrical energy as direct current [DC]. Application of solar water pumps: Water supply for rural and isolated areas. Livestock watering. Irrigation. Village and water supply is very dominating. Though there is a very high demand of water storage for the period of low solar radiation during rainy season this demands can be met by rain water harvesting .the main application of solar water pumping are for livestock watering mainly in the U.S and Australia .village water system and livestock watering are used in Africa where as solar water pumping for irrigation are mainly used in countries like India and china where expositor of sun are very good. Technology: P.V pumps constituents of the following components the P.V array converts solar energy directly in to electricity as direct current [DC] .the pump is driven by an electric motor. All the different characteristic of these components ought to be matched to get the efficient result the pump motor unit has its own optimum speed and load depending on the type and the size of the pump. Motor: Two types of motor is being able to use such as DC motor or the AC motor .inverter is required if we are using AC motor .which exist more broadly .inverters have become low cost and are well organized. Electronic controller frequency -variable inverter is used mainly in solar pumping system. By which panel and the pump linking can be optimise in order to maintain and due to the method or the system is fewer proficient batteries are also required for a usual AC motor system . The permanent magnet motor is generally proficient for a DC motor and CD motors might contain carbon brushes .when the brushed DC motor is being made into use than in order to change brushes [roughly around every two years] equipment required to pull out of the well. design without brushes are present in which as a replacement for commentators along with brushes electric circuits is use. The design without brush of DC motors needed electronic commutation which is being well liked in solar pumping system. Pump: Presently are few type of different pump are in the bazaar which include. Piston pump: in this pump before the output piston movement of the pump draw water in a assembly room i.e.[compartment]. Thread screw pump: in this pump water capsule is focused next to the screw in axial way. Starting from the opening to the way out for example [cavity progressive pump, rotor helical pump, and mono pump]. Centrifugal pump: in this pump impeller drive water for the exit with high revolving pace more or less near the border of the pump. In the middle of impeller situates an inlet from where the water is drawn. Following are the system configuration and the pumps option: Positive displacement helical pumps: Similar specs of water relief head as well as volume pressure positive displacement helical pump contains most excellent effectiveness with the least P.V panel. Their rotational speed is short. Inside a rubber covering a metallic helical rotor rotate .which is fit designed for greater head .during cloudy season mono solar pump is time consuming but due to its lowest speed water flow is continues not like centrifugal pump. Submerged pump with motor mounted on the surface: Benefit for this type of pump is Motor maintenance can be easily accessible Power victims ( losses) is shortly effected in shaft bearings Installation prise of the pump is high which is its disadvantage for which it is mostly replaced by submersible pump set as well as the motor Floating pump set motor: Due to its flexibility of floating .it is perfectly used in irrigation purpose of pumping water from canals as well as the well it is easily movable and there is a minor possibility of the pump operating dry. Majority of this pump sets apply solo step submerged centrifugal pump. Majority of this type contain DC motor without brush frequently with solar array hold. Like wheel barrow or handle. Like troll to permit transport SURFACE SUCTION PUMPS: Surface suction pumps set is moreover appropriate in short head application because of its export system. It requires presence of operator for the purpose of its security as well as its maintanence. In order to have additional than 8 suction head is not possible . fever ordinary solar power pumps along with PV motorized reciprocating piston pumps or thermo phones as thermal solar pump are present which are not used commercially. SUBMERSIBLE PUMP: Pump with electronic load controller can be flooded with load controller above the earth or surface. It can be easily installed with lay flat pipe work and motor pump is positioned if flooded away from potential harm. MULTISTAGE CENTRIFUGAL PUMP: It can be switched on at low torque. With no electronic controller can be synchronized with the solar array it is not well organised as positive dislocation pumps with low cost electronic load controllers useful for short heads. Selection of the pump: Photovoltaic pumps contain their influence rate as well as flow rate in order to design a P.V pump structure .following are the most important factors. Current voltage requirement of the pump. Tallness of the storage reservoir i.e.[tank] as well as the deepness of the water resource. Mechanical job completed via the pump. Required flow rate. Price of the structure. The following are the points that are measured for additional complicated design: Tube i.e.[pipe line] force allowness. Temperature of the water. Heat as well as electric loss. Quality of the pump. The above points are not always needed in order to design complicated P.V pumps. It is required to realize the principal of water pumping. Following equation is used in order to verify flow rate conversion. /h= /d Where : p[ /h] = meter cub per hour. [ /d] = meter cub per day. Standard equal hour of solar power i.e.[sun energy] received for each day is equal to the peak sun hours which vary according to the site and the time of year. ( /m), ( /m), (l/m), ( /s) this are the other unite which are used to measure flow rate of pump structure . Where: Usg/m = U.S gallon per minute. Lg/m = imperial gallon per minute. L/m = litre per minute. Kg/s = kilogram per second. Understanding the principle of photovoltaic process: The working principal of photovoltaic irrigation system is quite straight forward. A photovoltaic array is the source of electricity for driving a surface motor pump. Which basically pumps out water from well reservoir into a accumulating basin. The P.V array contain 20 modules and each v trough module [ 50 watt peak] is made up of 36 square single silicon solar cells the pumping subsystem constitute of an MPPT [maximum power point tracker] and a motor pump. The components of motor pump are DC motor [746 watt] unswervingly attached to a surface centrifugal pump. Photovoltaic pumping system efficiencies: Total efficiency of photovoltaic pumping system is defined as the product of efficiencies of the P.V array the pumping sub system . Where = P.V efficiency It is the ratio between operating electrical power and the incident radiation on the tilted surface of a photovoltaic module. Where: = operating electrical power of the system [w] G = global radiance on P.V array [w/ ] M = no of modules is parallel in P.V array = pumping sub system efficiency is defined as the ratio between the output hydraulic power required for lifting a volume of water and the input electrical power of subsystem. Where Q = water flow rate [m] = total dynamic head

Elie Wiesels Night: Reaction Paper :: essays research papers

Night Reaction Paper #1 p. 78 This is the scene where Elie is in the hospital part of the camp because of the operation that he has just had done to his foot. After Elie and his father decide to stay, leave the hospital, and be evacuated with the rest of the camp, he explains how he found out that the Russians liberated the rest of the people in the hospital two days after the evacuation. This part absolutely floored me because I couldn’t imagine first, making that big a decision, and secondly, finding out that the decision changed the course of your life forever was a huge shocker. I couldn’t even imagine finding that out and not being frustrated with myself. #2 p. 87 This is the part of the book where Rabbi Eliahou is looking for his son. He asks Elie if he has seen him, and Elie suddenly remembers that he did see him, and that he was in fact trying to lose his father in the midst of everyone running because he had become too much of a burden. This scene really affected me because I thought that it was horrible the way that a son would give up on his father and completely throw away the relationship that he has with him because of the conditions that they were going through. Since I have such a valued relationship with my mother, I could never imagine leaving her like that, but I guess that everyone changes drastically after being put through the torture that these people went through. #3 p. 94 This is the scene where the S.S. comes into the cattle cars and orders that the Jews throw out all of the dead. After they rob the dead men of their clothes, they see Elie’s father. Some of the men try to throw him outside, even though he isn’t dead yet, but only Elie knows that. After arguing with the men, Elie shows the men that his father is breathing weakly and is still alive. I couldn’t ever imagine having to fight with someone to save my mother when she was still alive. In that situation, I think I would have just broken down a long time ago. I don’t think that I could have lasted as long as Elie did in the camps.

Puritanism in American Literature

Puritanism in American Literature The Puritans had a large influence in American literature and still influence moral judgment and religious beliefs in the United States to this day. Puritan writing was used to glorify God and to relate God more directly to our world. Puritan literature was commonly a realistic approach to life. â€Å"Puritanism as a historical phenomenon and as a living presence in American life has enriched American literature in ways far too numerous to detail here. † (G. Perkins B. Perkins Phillip Leininger 888) Puritanism is a collection of many different religious and political beliefs. Common styles of Puritan writing are protestant, Calvinist, purposiveness, and the writings also directly reflected the character of the readers who were literate and strongly religious. Pragmaticism and both political and religious Idealism are frequently themes in Puritan literature. Puritanism thus laid the basis for Americanism. It did so on the basis not of philosophical or legal argument, but of Christian belief based on the Bible. Gelernter 25)The Calvinist ideology, which was popular in Puritanism was based off of the Five Points, which are total depravity, unconditional election, limited atonement, irresistible grace, and the perseverance of the â€Å"saints. † Total depravity is the idea that all humans are born sinful. Unconditional election means that God chooses who he wants to save and also contains the concept of predestination, which is an ideology that God damns certain individuals for the salvation of others. This also ties in with limited atonement, the ideology that Jesus only died for a selected group of individuals, not for everyone. The ideology of irresistible grace is that â€Å"the saving and transfiguring power of God,† cannot be either earned or denied. Perseverance of the â€Å"saints† is the ideological belief that elected individuals have the power to interpret the will of God and to live in an upright fashion. The Puritans had secular concerns as well as religious. Puritans believed in working hard, and doing selfless things to help others. Puritans also believed in typology, the belief that God's intentions are present in human action and in natural phenomenon. Failures to understand these intentions are human limitations. (â€Å"American Puritanism: A Brief Introduction†) In 1620, William Bradford formed the Plymouth Plantation with a group of Europeans that came with him to America. In only a year, their number of survivors decreased by half. Bradford kept a journal that chronicled the first 30 years of Plymouth Colony. Plain speech was the high literary value of this society, as expressed by William Bradford, who enjoined â€Å"a plain style, with singular regard to the simple truth in all things. (â€Å"The Influence of Puritanism on American Literature†) In this journal, he exhibited diplomacy and integrity, the ability to assure the colony’s survival, and made a contribution in avoiding potential disasters. His principles established religious freedom and self-government that later shaped American colonial government. John Winthrop wrote A Modell of Christian Charity either before he crossed into America in 1630 or along his journey to the New World. In this book, the struggles that were to be faced in the New World are discussed along with Winthrop’s ideas and plan’s to overcome them. Winthrop was considered to be a contributor to the concept of American exceptionalism, the idea that the New World is unique to other countries by ideology based on laissez-faire and egalitarianism along with liberty. Winthrop has also portrayed that Puritans were neither visionaries nor self-conscious heroes. They were a part of society that believed in solid work such as building homes, trading, farming, and government. Anne Bradstreet was unique to authors of her time because her work had literary creativity and artistic merit and was written for literature. In contrast, works of Winthrop and Bradford were written for historical purposes and to express their positions and political beliefs on certain positions. In England in 1650, some of Bradstreet's poems compiled together by her brother-in-law who named them The Tenth Muse. The first of these poems was the Four Elements, which are fire, water, earth, and air. The Constitutions were the four temperaments of man kind as they were seen by medieval and Renaissance physiology, choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic, and sanguine. The four Ages of Man, which are child, teen, adult, and elder as Seasons of the Year which are Fall, Spring, Summer and Winter were described and explained. Bradstreet was better with her knowledge of literature rather than her own personal opinions directly. In some poems, Bradstreet displays deep affections of the patriarchal Puritan household and a sensuous response to nature. Bradstreet’s literature showed both sides of the spectrum by upholding puritan beliefs as well as creating artistic merit. The American writings of the seventeenth century possess as a whole no great artistic merit. They are valuable chiefly as a study in origins and as a complex mirror of early American experience. The world that they reflect is that of the Renaissance and Reformation, of Raleigh and Calvin and Cromwell, modified by its contact with the American wilderness. (â€Å"American Literature Lectures, Part I†) They are valuable in the sense as it is a study in origins of popular religious and political ideology of the early American experience that helped shape present day America. This experience was one that reflected the Renaissance and Reformation of individuals such as Calvin and Bradstreet. The branch of Reformation in Puritan ideology was one of the main topics of early American literature. In this Puritan literature, the mind of the a Puritan is shown through its consciousness of sin, Calvinistic beliefs, superstitions, contradicting beliefs of orthodoxy and nonconformity, and its preference to moral value over aesthetic value. Puritan tradition was a major influence in our nations government through establishments of principles such as the relationship between church and state and government’s popular sovereignty. Puritanism has contributed to the way our day-to-day lives are carried on. It has also contributed the way literature has transformed over the years. Many political and religious ideologies from Puritan literature are still upheld today. Works Cited Gelernter, David. â€Å"Puritanism lives. † The American Enterprise17. 4 (2006): 25+. Student Edition. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. â€Å"Puritans and Puritanism. † Benet's Reader's Encyclopedia of American Literature. George B. Perkins, Barbara Perkins, and Phillip Leininger. Vol. 1. New York: HarperCollins, 1991. 888. Student Edition. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. â€Å"PAL: American Puritanism: A Brief Introduction. † California State University Stanislaus | Home. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. . Renaissance, the, the Reformation. â€Å"American Literature Lectures, Part I. † Texas. Net Lonestar. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. < http://lonestar. texas. net/~mseifert/amlit1. html> Signet, Theodore Dreiser. New York:, and 1964. 815-28.. â€Å"The Influence of Puritanism on American Literature :: The Compulsive Reader :: A Haven for Book Lovers. † Compulsive Reader. N. p. , n. d. Web. 18 Dec. 2011. .

Articles of Association - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1997 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Task 5: (a) Explain requirements of memorandum of association. A memorandum is a simple document which states that the subscribers wish to form a company and become members of it. The memorandum of association was an extremely important document containing information concerning the relationship between the company before the Companies Act 2006 and the outside world (e.g: its objectives). The purpose of the memorandum is two fold. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Articles of Association" essay for you Create order 1. The intending share holder who contemplates the investment of his capital shall know within what field it is to be put at risk. 2. Anyone who shall deal with the company shall know without reasonable doubt whether the contractual relation into which he contemplates entering with the company is one relating to a matter within its corporate objects. At least seven persons in the case of public company and at least two in the case of a private company must subscribe to the memorandum. The memorandum shall be printed, divided into consecutively numbered paragraphs, and shall be signed by each subscriber, with his address, description and occupation added, the presence of at least one witness who will attest the same. According to section 13, the memorandum of association of every company must contain the following clauses: 1. The name of the company with à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"limitedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as the last word of the name in the case of a public limited company and wit h à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"private limitedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ as the last word in the case of a private limited company. 2. The state in which the registered office of the company is to be situated. 3. The objects of the company to be classified as: a). The main objects of the company to be pursued by the company on its incorporation and objects incidental to the attainments of the main objects, and b). Other objects not included above 4. In the case of companies with object not confined to one state, the states to whose territories the objects extend. 5. The liability of members is limited if the company is limited by shares or by guarantee. 6. In the case of a company having a share capital, the amount of share capital with which the company proposes to be registered and its division into shares of a fixed amount. An unlimited company need not include items 5 and 6 in its memorandum. In the case of a company limited by guarantee, its memorandum of association shall state that each member undertakes to contribute to the assets of the company, in the event of its being wound up while he is a member or within or year after wards for the payment of the debts and liabilities of the company. (b) Draw up a memorandum of association in given scenario 1. James is considering setting up a house building business as a private limited company. He decides to adopt the model article as article of association of his company, so he need to draw up a memorandum of association. The following are certain provisions of the memorandum of association of Jamesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s company. The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"Great James Co. Ltdà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. The company is to be a private limited company. The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s registered office to be situated at No. 50 Main Road of Yangon. The companys objective is setting up a house building business. The liability of the members is limited. The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s share capital is  £ 30,000 divided into 30,000 shares of  £1 each. Task 6: Draw up certain provisions of article for Mickà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s company applying the facts given in scenario 2. A companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"s constitution comprises the Articles of Association and any resolution and agreements it makes which affect the constitution. According to s 17 of the Companies Act 2006, the constitution of a company consists of: The Article of Association Resolutions and agreements that it makes that affects the constitution The Article of Association is a document that specifies the regulations for a companys operations. The articles of association define the companys purpose and lays out how tasks are to be accomplished within the organization, including the process for appointing directors and how financial records will be handled. By applying the facts given in scenario 2, the following are certain clauses of Article of Association of Mickà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s company. The company issues only ordinary share. But other two types of shares can be issued if it thinks fit for the benefit of the company. The company prohibits from recognizing the interest of a third party in shares registered in the name of member. The company prevents technicians employed from working in or setting up a similar business. The company allows the alteration of article of association if it is approved by three quarters of member by written resolution. The company increases or reduces the number of director by passing ordinary resolution. Task 7: Evaluate the doctrine of ultra vires and its effect. The companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s objects are its aims and purposes. If a company enters into a contract which is outside its objects, that contract is said to be ultra vires. However the rights of third parties to the contract are protected. The object clause of the Memorandum of the company contains the object for which the company is formed. An act of the company must not be beyond the objects clause, otherwise it will be ultra vires and, therefore, void and cannot be ratified even if all the members wish to ratify it. This is called the doctrine of ultra vires, which has been firmly established in the case of Ashtray Railway Carriage and Iron Company Ltd v. Riche. In the case of Ashbury Rainway Carriage Iron Co Ltd v Riche 1875, the company had an objects claue which stated that its objects were to make and sell, or lend on hire, railway carriage and wagons and all kinds of railway plant, fitting, machinery and rolling stock; and to carry on business as mechanical engineers. The company bought a concession to build a railway in Belgium, subcontracting the work to the defendant. Later the company repudiated the contract. It was held that constructing a railway was not within the companys objects so the company did not have capacity to enter into either the concession contract or the sub-contract. The contract was void for ultra vires and so the defendant had no right to damages for breach. The members could not ratify it and the company could neither enforce the contract nor be forced into performing its obligation. The expression ultra vires means an act beyond the powers. Here the expression ultra vires is used to indicate an act of the company which is beyond the powers conferred on the company by the objects clause of its memorandum. An ultra vires act is void and cannot be ratified even if all the directors wish to ratify it. Sometimes the expression ultra vires is used to describ e the situation when the directors of a company have exceeded the powers delegated to them. Where a company exceeds its power as conferred on it by the objects clause of its memorandum, it is not bound by it because it lacks legal capacity to incur responsibility for the action, but when the directors of a company have exceeded the powers delegated to them. This use must be avoided for it is apt to cause confusion between two entirely distinct legal principles. Consequently, here we restrict the meaning of ultra vires objects clause of the companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s memorandum. Basic principles included the following: An ultra vires transaction cannot be ratified by all the shareholders, even if they wish it to be ratified. The doctrine of estoppels usually precluded reliance on the defense of ultra vires where the transaction was fully performed by one party A fortiori, a transaction which was fully performed by both parties could not be attacked. If the contract was fully execu tory, the defense of ultra vires might be raised by either party. If the contract was partially performed, and the performance was held to be insufficient to bring the doctrine of estoppels into play, a suit for quasi contract for recovery of benefits conferred was available. If an agent of the corporation committed a tort within the scope of his or her employment, the corporation could not defend on the ground the act was ultra vires. Task 8: Explain the contents of a prospectus and listing particulars. A prospectus is a disclosure document that describes a financial security for potential buyers. A prospectus must be published where certain types of securities either are offered to the public or are requested for admission on a regulated market. A prospectus is an invitation to the public to subscribe for, or to purchase, shares or debentures in a company. A prospectus is required when a company is applying for admission to listing or, if it is already listed, wishes to i ssue additional or a new class of shares or debentures. The transposing British registration puts any person responsible for the prospectus who knows of the change under a duty to notify it to the company or the applicant for admission, if different. It is unclear whether this duty arises if the issuer is unaware of the event and it cannot be said that it should have been. The traditional British prospectus has been a single document containing all the relevant information. Under the Directive it may consist of two documents and incorporate some information by reference. Where there are two documents, the prospectus will consist of a registration statement and a securities note. The registration statement, containing information about the issuer, can be field with the relevant authority and, if approved, be valid for twelve months. The securities note can then be produced later and contain the information about the scurries on offer plus updated information, if any is needed, abo ut the issuer. When a listed company proposes certain types of transaction it may be required by the Listing Rules to issue a circular to its shareholders, to inform them of the proposal and, in some cases, to obtain their approval. The public companies are permitted to offer their shares to the public, but may not in fact have chosen to do so. Even if they have, those shares may or not may not be traded on a public share exchange, such as the London Stock Exchange. Offering shares to the public and arranging for those shares to be traded on a public market are two separate things, though the publics willingness to buy the shares offered is likely to be increased if the shares will be traded on a public market. This is because a public share market makes it much easier for a shareholder subsequently to sell his or her shares to another investor, should he or she wish to do so. Consequently, public offerings of shares and the introduction of those shares to trading on a public mar ket often go together. By and large, the companies legislation makes very few differentiations according to where a public companys shares have actually been offered to the public or are in fact publicly traded. This is that admission to a public market may bring with it obligations for the company of a recognizably company law type, obligations which could have been included in the Act. A company seeking to have its shares traded on the main market of the London Stock Exchange must first have them admitted to the Official List of securities. Such Listing rules relate mainly to the orderly conduct of the public share market, but they also contain rules regulating the internal affairs of companies, which thus supplement the provisions of the Companies Act and the common law of companies. In short, the fact of listing is being used to identify a small group of very important British companies to which additional company law obligations are attached. References: Principle of Modern Company Law, Paul L. Davies, Q.C (Hons), F.B.A, Edition- Eighth Edition, Published in 2008 by Sweet Maxwell Ltd. https://www.preservearticles.com/201104085069/complete-information-on-memorandum-of-association-of-a-company-its-purpose-contents-a-different-clauses.html https://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/articles-of-association.asp https://www.caclubindia.com/forum/notes-doctrine-of-ultra-vires-effects-and-exceptions-129912.asp#.VDtKJHbZOH8